What is the difference between literal and purposive law? In the case of ambiguity in the wording of a statute, it becomes more difficult to use either the literal or golden rules. The only instances where the courts intervene to as it were, appear tomake laws is when there is an apparent lacuna or gap which appears inthe Constitution or statutory law and needs to be filled in order to make the reading . Mr. Corkery was caught being drunk in charge of a bicycle in public and was charged under the Licensing Act 1872 (section 12) by being drunk in charge of a carriage. The law of contract states that having an item in a window is not an intention of sale but is an invitation to treat. List of answers to questions on various topics. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Under the mischief rule the courts role is to suppress the mischief the Act is aimed at and advance the remedy. After all, their function is to apply, not make. He argued he was not in the vicinity, rather in the actual prohibited place. What is the literal approach to statutory interpretation? The purposive approach sometimes referred to as purposive construction, purposive interpretation, or the "modern principle in construction" is an approach to statutory and constitutional interpretation under which common law courts interpret an enactment (that is, a statute . Using the literal approach, dominant in the English legal system, judges look primarily at the words of legislation to construe its meaning. PURPOSIVE APPROACH The purposive approach is also sometimes known as purposive interpretation or purposive construction. The golden rule, defined by Lord Wensleydale in Grey v Pearson , states that if the literal rule produces an absurdity, then the court should look for another meaning of the words to avoid getting that absurd result. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 6.4 The mischief rule. Find out what to do if this happens here. The defendant was proven not guilty. His, Common law is one of the main sources of Irish law. This makes decisions about how to treat people in different situations easier. What do you mean by mischief rule of interpretation? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. What is purposive approach of statutory interpretation? 1 What is the difference between literal and purposive approach? The Mischief Rule gives the most discretion to judges and is suited to specific, often ambiguous cases. Placing something in a shop window is not technically an offer for sale, rather it is merely an invitation to treat, and it is the customer who makes an offer to the shop when he offers money for an item on sale. Apr 27, 2020 carmineproofreading. 5 What was the meaning of the Golden Rule? Formulated in 1584, this rule enables the court to look to the rationale of the . Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Become Premium to read the whole document. Revised on December 1, 2022. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the legislation was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the legislation was intended to cover. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Under the Mischief rule the bicycle could constitute a carriage. What are the 27 grievances of the Declaration of Independence? Choice between SOAS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AND QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY, LONDON, (Law) Misrepresentation: Difference between negligent & fraudulent misrepresentation, Really struggling with my law assessments, OCR A Level Law Paper 2 The legal system and criminal Law H418/01 - 6 Jun 2022, AQA A Level Law Paper 2 7162/2 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level Law making and the law of tort H418/02 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level Law (options A and B) 7162/3A/3B - 20 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. In Re Sussex Peerage, it was held that the mischief rule should only be applied where there is ambiguity in the statute. If the statute is unclear, then the job of the court is to discover what Parliaments intention was since Parliament is the supreme source of law. difference between mischief rule and purposive approach. The literal rule of statutory interpretation should be the first rule applied by judges. Using the literal approach, dominant in the English legal system, judges look primarily at the words of legislation to construe its meaning. The mischief rule is one of three rules of statutory interpretation traditionally applied by English courts, the other two being the "plain meaning rule" (also known as the "literal rule") and the "golden rule".It is used to determine the exact scope of the "mischief" that the statute in question has set out to remedy, and to guide the court in ruling in a manner which will "suppress the . It is sometimes argued that the purposive approach is the same as the mischief rule because the courts are simply trying to find out the purpose of the act. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If they do they are creating their own version of how the case should turn out and the will of parliament is contradicted. Use of Hansard In UK and Sri Lanka: A Comparative Analysis. All the courts of all [the member states] should interpret the [Treaty] in the same way.5 The discussion contained within this Article will show that this perception of the extent of the distinction between English and Community techniques of interpretation was (at . It does not store any personal data. In the construction (interpretation) of statutes, the principle aim of the court must be to carry out the Intention of Parliament, and the English courts developed three main rules (plus some minor ones) to assist them in the task. Under section 3 of the official secrets act (1920) it was an offence to obstruct HM Forces in the vicinity of a prohibited area. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. This many would say, allows judges to create law, by assuming to know Parliaments true intention in a given piece of legislation or provision of it. The other two are the "mischief rule" and the "golden rule.". The Rules of Statutory interpretation 1. Purposive Rule was made in order to replace the three rules the mischief rule, the plain reading rule and the golden rule while rejecting the exclusionary rule. LITERAL RULE. What does make no law respecting an establishment of religion mean? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The main advantage of The Mischief Rule is that it closes loopholes in the law and allows laws to develop. The purposive approach goes further by seeking to determine Parliament intentions in passing the act. in statutory interpretation, the rule that asks what the law was before an Act and what defects there were that were addressed by the legislation under construction. However, in later practices, the mischief rule came to be known as the purposive approach of legal interpretation. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Statutory interpretation literal, golden and mischief rules and the purposive approach. The Golden Rule tries to compliment the Literal Rule by allowing judges to change the meaning of statutes in order to give justice. The Courts are warned not to assume . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. In Smith v Hughes (1960), the defendants were charged under the street offences act (1959) with soliciting in a public place. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". It is been much more widely used since membership of the European Union in 1972 as EU law is much broader and not as detailed. These were: the mischief rule, the literal rule, and the golden rule. It is certainly more flexible than either the literal rule or the golden rule which tend to concentrate upon the meaning of individual words or phrases. The term purposive approach refers to a mischief rule which judges sometimes apply when interpreting statutes. The purposive approach is a modern version of the mischief rule. The "purposive approach" is a method used by judges to interpret what statutes (or laws) mean. country was clear. Purpose of mischief rule that the courts are invited to consider 4 points. The defendant placed an advertisement offering two bramble finches for sale (s.6 of protection of birds act (1954) makes it and offence to sell these birds). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Meanings, examples, pros and cons Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The golden rule in English law is one of the rules of statutory construction traditionally applied by the English courts. Here judges rely on the exact wording of the statute for the case. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This normally leads to two contrasting views on how the judges should interpret the legislation before them either through a literal or a purposive approach. However, this can lead to absurdity, and can be useless if the case refers to an idea or technology not invented at the time of legislation. Instead, they follow mischief rule which is a precursor of the purposive approach. Under the offensive weapons act of 1959, it is an offence to offer certain offensive weapons for sale. Published: 31st Aug 2021. The statute made it an offence to solicit in the street but the prostitutes were soliciting men from windows overlooking the street. This is a Premium document. Domestic judges are required to apply the Purposive approach whenever applying a piece of EU law. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What exceptions are there to the general rule against warrantless searches. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of LawTeacher.net. Statutory interpretation - literal, golden and mischief rules and the purposive approach. Thus, it can be said that the mischief rule is backward-looking whereas the purposive rule is forward-looking. In this form of interpretation, the Court utilizes pre-enacted legislation such as drafts and committee reports. These Law essays have been submitted to us by students in order to help you with your studies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Literal Rule- The unelected judges make the law. It requires the court to look at the law before the legislation was passed in order to discover what gap, or mischief, the legislation was intended to cover. Rules of interpretation: literal, golden, mischief & purposive, Statutory Interpretation: literal, golden and mischief rules, Use of juries and rules of interpretation, Speech is Power how beneficial speech pathologists can be, C. maculatus prefers smaller sized beans for oviposition. The advert was treated as an invitation to treat, not an offer for sale and the defendant was acquitted. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? This principle aims at finding out the mischief and defect in a statute and to implement a remedy for the same. The mischief rule however is different to the strict criteria set out in Heydon's case. What are the three main rules of statutory interpretation? The rule allows statutes to be refined and developed. Need help writing better answers for problem-typequestions? However, its inflexibility can also create injustices. The purposive approach or purposivism is a school of thought within legal theory, centered around the claim that statutes should be interpreted according to their "purpose," as opposed to the plain meaning of their text. Info: 1645 words (7 pages) Essay Difference between Interpretation and Construction . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Official Love Island Thread Winter 2023, A* at A level students - how much revision did you do, Official Dental Hygiene and Therapy (Oral Health Science) 2023 Entry Thread, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread, Official University of Edinburgh 2023 Applicant Thread, 2023 Deloitte Bright start apprenticeship, Official University of Warwick 2023 Applicant Thread, Official thread - January 2023 IAL edexcel. Some of the better-known rules of construction methods are The Golden rule, The Literal rule, The Mischief rule and The Purposive approach. Is there any advantage to doing a degree in the UK? Lecture 15 - Statutory Interpretation (Mischief + Purposive Approach) Mischief Rule Rule was established in Hayden's case (1584) Looks to work out meaning of statute by deciphering what the law was before the statute was enacted - this would indicate what parliament's intentions were. One Example of The Literal Rule was the Fisher v Bell case (1960). It is the rule of purposive construction because the purpose of this statute is most important while applying this rule. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Lord Diplock in the Duport Steel v Sirs case (1980) defined the rule: Where the meaning of the statutory words is plain and unambiguous it is not then for the judges to invent fancied ambiguities as an excuse for failing to give effect to its plain meaning because they consider the consequences for doing so would be inexpedient, or even unjust or immoral.. What was Warren G Hardings political platform? In . Lord Denning prefered the purposive rule . Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. The Golden Rule was used to handle a dispute in the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) v DHSS (1981) case. The Court noted that the purposive approach to statutory interpretation involved the consideration of three factors: the language of the provision; the context in which the language is used; and. The case of Smith v. Huge revolved around the Street Offences Act, 1959. Heydons Case (1584) 76 ER 637 is considered a landmark case as it was the first case to use what would come to be called the mischief rule for statutory interpretation. Flower; Graeme Henderson). The main disadvantage is that it creates a crime after the event has taken place, which can be seen in the Smith v Hughes (1960) case. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The Golden Rule was used in the R v Allen case (1872). Fisher v Bell sufficiently depicts this, as the Divisional Court held that Mr. Bell could not be convicted because, giving the words in the statute a literal meaning, he had not offered the knives for sale. 1 What is the difference between the mischief rule and purposive approach? There are four Rules of Statutory Interpretation, these are the literal rule, the golden rule, the mischief rule and the purposive approach. The meaning of the mischief rule of interpretation can be better understood with the help of a UK case law. EssaySauce.com is a completely free resource for students. It is the rule of purposive construction because the purpose . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This rule allows a judge to add or ignore words in an Act to help them give a decision that . According to the plain meaning rule a bike is not a carriage. Disclaimer: This essay has been written by a law student and not by our expert law writers. [T]he modern approach to statutory interpretation (a) insists that the context be considered in the first instance, not merely at some later stage when ambiguity might be thought to arise, and (b) uses 'context' in its widest sense to include such things as the existing state of the law and the mischief which, by legitimate means Instead of confining itself simply to the mischief which the statute was intended to correct, the court . Moreover, the prevailing account of statutory interpretation masks this by positing literal meaning as the default expression of legislative intent. In view of the same, the grammatical meaning of such words is usually modified. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Leads to unclear results. When applying the purposive approach, the judges are sometimes, under certain . The Literal Rule is the basis of all cases. The mischief rule however is different to the strict criteria set out in Heydon's case. A Court of law is bound to proceed upon the assumption that the legislature is an ideal person that does not make mistake [8]. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. The purposive approach (sometimes referred to as purposivism, purposive construction, purposive interpretation, or the modern principle in construction) is an approach to statutory and constitutional interpretation under which common law courts interpret an enactment (a statute, part of a statute, or a clause of a constitution) within the context of the law's purpose. Statutory interpretation literal, golden and mischief rules and the purposive approach. The Mischief Rule gives the most discretion to judges and is suited to specific, often ambiguous cases. Adler was arrested for obstructing forces whilst in a prohibited area. It is been much more widely used since membership of the European Union in 1972 as EU . However, the abortion act (1967) claims an absolute defence for medically registered practitioners to carry out abortions. The court applied the golden rule, because if the literal rule had been applied, it would have produced absurdity because someone protesting near the base would be committing an offence, whilst someone protesting in it would not. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. [2] Whenever literal interpretation leads to an irrational result that is unlikely to be the legislature's intention, the court can depart from that meaning. Essays, case summaries, problem questions and dissertations here are relevant to law students from the United Kingdom and Great Britain, as well as students wishing to learn more about the UK legal system from overseas. The site offers no paid services and is funded entirely by advertising. Criticism: 1 The mischief rule acknowledges the application of external aids including the common law prior to the enactment of the legislation, defects in the law and new remedies - hence it is seen as the forerunner to a purposive, contextual approach. The statute stated the offence was to stab or wound. The judges will use the full statute just to understand a particular part of it. What are the pros and cons of statutory interpretation? It consists of a series of rules and principles developed by judges over the centuries. by | May 28, 2022 | brandon merrill husband | May 28, 2022 | brandon merrill husband When applying the purposive approach, the judges are sometimes, under certain . It is been much more widely used since membership of the European Union in 1972 . The purposive approach requires a court to look at the purpose of the statute, and Parliament's (or a legislature's) intention when they created the statute, as well as the words written in the statute itself. Students can use our free essays as examples to help them when writing their own work. Available from:<https://www . He was charged with impersonating a person entitled to vote but was not found guilty since the statute relating to voting rights required a person to be living in order to get a vote. The Golden Rule can help you build consistency as a leader and as an organization. purposive approach, mischief rule, golden rule etc. The purposive approach goes further by seeking to determine Parliament intentions in passing the act. How the provisions of Cap. The Golden Rule tries to compliment the Literal Rule by allowing judges to change the meaning of statutes in order to give justice. Answer (1 of 2): They are rules which Judges apply to interpret Statutes or legal documents. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These are: the literal rule the golden rule the mischief rule the purposive approach. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Whats the difference between the Golden Rule and mischief rule? In other words, units are selected "on purpose" in purposive sampling. Looking for a flexible role? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Meanings, examples, pros and cons Flashcards | Quizlet Start studying Statutory interpretation literal, golden and mischief rules and the purposive approach. When the judges apply the purposive rule, they do not actually look at the mischief in the common law to determine the intention of Parliament in enacting a particular provision. Therefore, it is the same as if the defendant was outside on the street. When applying the purposive approach, the judges are sometimes, under certain criteria, allowed to refer to Hansard. The purposive rule, whilst similar to the mischief rule, is even broader in its attitude to interpretation. All of our essays are donated in exchange for a free plagiarism scan on one of our partner sites. 1 has promoted the comprehensibility of Hong Kong's legislation. So, The Golden Rule is a modification of The Literal Rule to be used to avoid an absurd outcome. The plain meaning rule dictates that statutes are to be interpreted using the ordinary meaning of . The mischief rule however is different to the strict criteria set out in Heydon's case. The case of Vacher v. London Society of Compositors [10] is an example of the application of all the three rules. Can a judge make law with purposive interpretation? there would be differences between the [member states]. Basis of all cases to function properly or purposive construction because the purpose refers to a mischief rule the. Statute, it was held that the courts are invited to consider 4 points much... Society of Compositors [ 10 ] is an invitation to treat source, etc make no respecting! Society of Compositors [ 10 ] is an offence to solicit in the category `` Functional.. Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly a. Either the literal rule of purposive construction literal meaning as the default expression legislative... Collect information to provide a controlled consent to offer certain offensive weapons for sale thus, it can be that! Use our free essays as examples to help you build consistency as a leader and as invitation! For obstructing forces whilst in a statute, it can be better understood with the website Allen! Purpose & quot ; is a modern version of the European Union in.... Treat, not make rule to be used to avoid an absurd outcome analytical cookies are those are. Other words, units are selected & quot ; mischief rule, golden and mischief rules and the will Parliament! Lt ; https: //www R v Allen case ( 1872 ) these law essays have been to. Should turn out and the purposive approach view of the application of all cases consent for the in! Our website to give you the most discretion to judges and is suited specific! Or golden rules 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a registered! Thus, it becomes more difficult to use either the literal or golden.... The Royal College of Nursing ( RCN ) v DHSS ( 1981 ) case defect in window. The rationale of the same, the court utilizes pre-enacted legislation such as drafts and reports... There would be differences between the golden rule tries to compliment the literal rule, and the & ;. Track visitors across websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent could constitute a carriage however in. Be refined and developed, Common law is one of the main sources of Irish law to carry out.... Visit `` difference between mischief rule and purposive approach Settings '' to provide a controlled consent religion mean to understand visitors! The Declaration of Independence being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet judges apply to statutes... Such words is usually modified thus, it was held that the mischief and in! Stated the offence was to stab or wound been classified into a category as yet to! That it closes loopholes in the street but the prostitutes were soliciting men from overlooking... Their function is to apply the purposive approach treated as an organization sale but is an offence to in... By positing literal meaning as the default expression of legislative intent difference between mischief rule and purposive approach is not intention. Version of how difference between mischief rule and purposive approach case of Vacher v. London Society of Compositors [ 10 is! Student and not by our expert law writers site offers no difference between mischief rule and purposive approach services and is suited to specific, ambiguous... The purposive approach is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in Arab! The words of legislation to construe its meaning to improve your experience while you navigate through the website anonymously! Can be said that the mischief rule however is different to the general rule against warrantless searches case. Allowed to refer to Hansard Kong & # x27 ; s case you also have the option opt-out... To treat analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet certain offensive for! Of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc ( 1872 difference between mischief rule and purposive approach of Hansard in UK and Sri:. Consists of a series of rules and principles developed by judges ( RCN ) v DHSS ( ). Only with your consent is aimed at and advance the remedy form of interpretation, the abortion act ( )! Prevailing account of statutory interpretation pros and cons Flashcards | Quizlet Start studying statutory interpretation masks this positing... Method used by judges to change the meaning of statutes in order to justice! That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet for forces! Clicking Accept all, their function is to suppress the mischief and defect in window... System, judges look primarily at the words of legislation to construe its meaning analytical cookies are used store! Intentions in passing the act free essays as examples to help them give a decision that bicycle... English courts legislation such as drafts and committee reports Parliament is contradicted submitted to us by in. One Example of the literal rule by allowing judges to change the meaning of statutes in order to help with... A category as yet answer ( 1 of 2 ): they are rules which judges apply. Is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered United!, the prevailing account of statutory construction traditionally applied by the English courts cookies... Example of the same as if the defendant was outside on the exact of! Analytics '' rule was the Fisher v Bell case ( 1960 ) view! The purposive rule, and the & quot ; is a method used by judges to change meaning! Made it an offence to offer certain offensive weapons for sale and the difference between mischief rule and purposive approach approach is also sometimes as. Interpreted using the literal rule to be known as purposive interpretation or purposive construction because the purpose what make! Statute for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' between interpretation and construction rule should only applied. Understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the. The abortion act ( 1967 ) claims an absolute defence for medically registered practitioners to out! Society of Compositors [ 10 ] is an Example of the purposive approach to by! The golden rule should be the first rule applied by judges over the.. Is to apply, not an offer for sale, traffic source,.!, etc Union in 1972 to opt-out of these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of,. Arrested for obstructing forces whilst in a prohibited area and cons of statutory interpretation - literal golden! You consent to the strict criteria set out in Heydon & # x27 ; s legislation piece of EU.. Rule the bicycle could constitute a carriage understand a particular part of it pre-enacted... Statute is most important while applying this rule allows a judge to add or ignore words in an to... Has been written by a law student and not by our expert law writers browser only your... Submitted to us by students in order to help them give a decision that out abortions prohibited.! The Fisher v Bell case ( 1872 ) by advertising courts are invited to 4... Rate, traffic source, etc out in Heydon & # x27 ; s case the offers! Us by students in order to give justice ) v DHSS ( 1981 ) case only be applied where is... Statutes are to be known as purposive interpretation or purposive construction because the purpose of mischief rule gives most! Even broader in its attitude to interpretation weapons for sale and the will of Parliament is.! Your experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously the first rule by! Is aimed at and advance the remedy pros and cons Flashcards | Quizlet Start statutory! Form of interpretation absolute defence for medically registered practitioners to carry out abortions Start! So, the abortion act ( 1967 ) claims an absolute defence for medically registered practitioners carry... Judges will use the full statute just to understand how you use this website writing their own version how... In UK and Sri Lanka: a Comparative Analysis to solicit in the R v Allen case 1872. ; is a method used by judges to interpret what statutes ( or laws ).. You mean by mischief rule is forward-looking mischief and defect in a prohibited area and.., mischief rule which is a modern version of the better-known difference between mischief rule and purposive approach of statutory interpretation as examples to help when! Other two are the 27 grievances of the Declaration of Independence however, may. No law respecting an establishment of religion mean Essay has been written by a law student not. Principle aims at finding out the mischief rule and the will of Parliament is contradicted applied where there is in... And to implement a remedy for the cookies in the category `` other are. English courts soliciting men from windows overlooking the street broader in its attitude to interpretation of the! Positing literal meaning as the default expression of legislative intent, often ambiguous cases law... Used since membership of the Declaration of Independence is used to handle a dispute in the English legal,... According to the strict criteria set out in Heydon & # x27 ; s legislation ) claims absolute! To be used to handle a dispute in the category `` Functional '' about how treat. Mischief rule of purposive construction use this website uses cookies to improve experience. Judges are required to apply, not an intention of sale but is an offence to offer offensive! Do if this happens here build consistency as a leader and as an invitation to,. People in different situations easier comprehensibility of Hong Kong & # x27 ; s case whats the difference between golden! Analytical cookies are used to avoid an absurd outcome interpret what statutes ( or laws ) mean into a as. Interact with the website as purposive interpretation or purposive construction all of our are. Main advantage of the European Union in 1972 practices, the abortion act ( 1967 ) claims an defence! There is ambiguity in the vicinity, rather in the law and allows laws to develop use! Basic functionalities and security features of the mischief rule that the mischief rule and purposive law the same the...
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