asch experiment ethical issues


The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. This inconsistency between what people believe and how they behave motivates people to engage in actions that will help minimize feelings of discomfort. Asch went on to conduct further experiments in order to determine which factors influenced how and when people conform. The Asch conformity experiments were a series of psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s. from childhood Longman, W., Vaughan, G., & Hogg, M. (1995). Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical. Nearly 75% of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time. After combining the trials, the results indicated that participants conformed to the incorrect group answer approximately one-third of the time. Participants had to decide whether to provide the right answer and stand out from other group members or whether to conform to the group that is making a mistake and avoid the anxiety of being the odd one out. Pyschodynamic-study that tension between conscious and A few of the participants suggested that they actually believed the other members of the group were correct in their answers. These findings suggest that a lower group size reduces conformity. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? 1951:177190. Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1953). The ethical issues involved with the Milgram experiment are as follows: deception, protection of participants involved, and the right to withdrawal. . Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Asch Revision Notes for A-level Psychology, The Disappearance of Independence in Textbook Coverage of Asch's Social Pressure Experiments. What year was Asch conformity experiment? The task used is artificial and quite different from how we experience conformity in our daily lives. The experiment was deemed unethical, because the participants were led to believe that they were administering shocks to real people. There are so many people in this world that do not feel like others, yet they are, in a way, obliged to follow societys norms. Learn more about the Asch Line Study on my blog! With one other person (i.e., confederate) in the group conformity was 3%, with two others it increased to 13%, and with three or more it was 32% (or 1/3). For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Conformity occurs when we change our behaviour or opinions to match those of a group. introduced a dissenting confederate. Participants thought they were taking part in a visual test. Asch devised an experiment, also known as the Solomon Asch line experiment, to test his theory . He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he earned both his masters degree and his PhD. Conformity creates a change in behavior so that the people in the group behave in the same way. In the experimental condition, participants had to make judgements in groups ranging from 7 to 9. Anonymity decreased conformity. What was the stimuli used in Asch's study of conformity? The Solomon Asch paradigm was employed to gauge whether moral decision making is subject to conformity under social pressure as other types of decision making have been shown to be. When we talk about 'ethical issues' in psychology, we are referring to ideas and topics that invoke our moral responsibility. After experimental stimuli were presented each group member had to voice their answer publicly. The results of the experiment in terms of conformity rates can, to some extent, explain why people conform to social and cultural norms in real life. Diffusion of Responsibility: Definition and Examples in Psychology, Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Definition and Examples, Adult Ice Breaker Games for Classrooms, Meetings, and Conferences, Flashbulb Memory: Definition and Examples. Using a line judgment task, Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges. . In. Social loafing describes the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group. Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. This involves, making the participant understand the research subject and methods to be used fully before, giving consent. The main ethical issue to consider in Asch's study is decieving the participants and therefore the lack of informed consent (however, he needed to do this . (impossible given the deception) although they were provided a In Stanley Milgram's "The Perils of Obedience", certain experiments were conducted on separate types of individuals. . Asch SE. The subjects were told that they were taking part in a "vision test." Scientific or exploratory. Deception was used to elicit conformity. However, one problem in comparing this study with Asch is that very different types of participants are used. They carried out an exact replication of the original Asch experiment using engineering, mathematics and chemistry students as subjects. goes against the majority choice can reduce conformity as much as 80%. Solomon Asch (1907 1996) originally conducted this experiment to explain conformity to majority-established norms (Moghaddam, 1998). Psychological monographs: General and applied, 70(9), 1-70. What task did Asch (1951) use to investigate conformity? "The Asch Conformity Experiments." 2015;18(4):511-524. doi:10.1111/desc.12231. . The Journal of Social Psychology Volume 94, 1974 - Issue 2. What are the ethical concerns in Asch's conformity study? . Asch's experiment inspired follow-up research by other experimenters. What is the connection between Sherifs experiment? Asch conducted his conformity experiment in 1951. Most participants (75%) conformed to the group at least once. What type of experiment was the Asch conformity study? The level of conformity seen with three or more confederates was far more significant. al. In another variation of the original experiment, Asch broke up the unanimity (total agreement) of the group by Asch had a control experiment without fake participants. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. what is a major problem with the original Milgram study? ethical, legal and cultural values that are different from each However, they eventually began providing incorrect answers based on how they had been instructed by the experimenters. These were regular people torturing an innocent participant. Study subjects in the Asch experiment were tricked into believing that their peers were also participants, instead of confederates. Solomon Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. Satisfactory Essays. Researchers have long been been curious about the degree to which people follow or rebel against social norms. Psych Experiments: From Pavlov's Dogs to Rorschach's Inkblots. Required fields are marked *. On the first two trials, the group unanimously answered correctly, but on the third trial, the confederates all gave the wrong answer (Asch, 1955). In this instance, subjects often performed actions that were unethical when . Asch conducted multiple variations of his original experiment to investigate which factors affect the degree of conformity to clearly incorrect majority influence and take situational factors into account. What did the participants think was the purpose of the study? From Zachary, Nairobi Kenya. The risks of students' Higher psychology research. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. He believed that the main problem with Sherif's (1935) conformity experiment was that there was no correct answer to the ambiguous autokinetic experiment. How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer? What theory was muzafer Sherif testing in his experiment? Variations of Asch's experiment found that group size, anonymity and task difficulty affect conformity, alongside unanimity. Third, the study of Asch was an integral part of his perspective on social psychology, which authors again ignored, thus encouraging a limited and out-of-context view of his study. Myers DG. The Milgram experiment was conducted in an unethical fashion, and it . Unfair or one-sided. Conformity . They gave correct answers occasionally so that the participant did not suspect Asch's goal was to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the Confederates did so, or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. Where was the Solomon Asch experiment conducted? For instance, in Solomon Asch's (1951; cf . Asch also deceived the student volunteers claiming they were taking part in a 'vision' test; the real purpose was to see how the 'naive' participant would react to the behavior of the confederates. In the control condition, participants made judgements alone, without any group influence, in order to establish the difficulty of the task. Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the Confederates at least half the time. Activity Ethical issues in conformity and obedience studies One issue that needs to be raised in relation to Asch's work is ethics. People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one. Is it clear what steps Asch took to minimise these problems? When asked about why they conformed, some participants admitted that they started doubting the accuracy of their perception, and some conformed to avoid standing out from the rest of the group. In the 1950s, Solomon Asch tackled this problem and created a replicable laboratory procedure to observe conformity. Perrin and Spencer argue that a cultural change has taken place in the value placed on conformity and obedience and in the position of students. What experiment did Charles Darwin conduct? Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group. This experimental paradigm was the first one to investigate conformity concerning an unambiguous task. Asch hypothesized that when confederates (fake participants) uniformly gave a particular response in a group setting, the lone true participant would feel pressure to conform to the group consensus. Asch's sample consisted of 50 male students from Swarthmore College in America, who believed they were taking part in a vision test. Undoubtedly, the major criticism of the Milgram study has always been the ethical issues surrounding the methodology. During the first part of the procedure, the confederates answered the questions correctly. The Asch experiment showed that peoples individual perceptions can be influenced by the perceptions of a larger group. After the stimuli were presented to the group in some trials, all other group members unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task. Morality has long been considered an inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is unswayed by the actions of those around us. Also Human being uses language to communicate with each other What was the procedure in the Asch conformity experiment? Milgram was especially influenced by Asch's experiments on conformity and how group behavior can influence individual behavior. Using an unambiguous task allows us to understand whether conformity occurs in situations when we know the group is incorrect. In each experimental case, the confederates answered first, and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last. The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/asch-conformity-experiment-3026748. Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization. there were still ethical issues that evolved throughout the testing. Evaluation of Asch's Study. Milgram and obedience to authority. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The marshmallow experiment was simple: The researchers would give a child a marshmallow and then tell them that if they waited 15 minutes to eat it they would get a second one. Human beings unlike other organisms are embodied by certain During the experiment, participants were not protected from distress. These issues include informed consent and, deception. Both experiments were conducted in the Post-WWII world as a response to the . On some occasions, everyone in the group chooses the correct line, but occasionally, the other participants unanimously declare that a different line is actually the correct match. of the users don't pass the Asch Conformity Experiments quiz! So what do you do when the experimenter asks you which line is the right match? Crossman, Ashley. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. 1. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. Practical use The guards punished one of the prisoners for rebelling by putting him in the hole. In addition, they claim that the patterns utilized during the experiments have been used in other experiments and the experiment can therefore be termed as the ultimate guideline for doing further studies on . To study the effects of group pressure in a laboratory environment Asch (1951, 1956) investigated whether participants' judgements on a simple visual perception task will be affected by group pressure. What was the surprising result of Asch's experiment on conformity? Social psych revision pack . This essay begins by distinguishing conformity and obedience and their terms. 2, pp. (Asch, 1955). Each participant was tested in a group of confederates. And as much this is a good thing, its also bad. According to some critics, individuals may have actually been motivated to avoid conflict, rather than an actual desire to conform to the rest of the group. Therefore, it can be concluded that they conformed due to the normative social influence. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. They met the other group members who were taking part in the task, not knowing they were confederates. As the comparison lines were much closer together in length, matching the standard line became harder. 4 Pages. Asch hypothesised that in the critical trials when the confederates will unanimously give a wrong answer to the task, participants will conform, even though they know the group is incorrect. Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. Each person in the room had to state aloud which comparison line (A, B or C) was most like the target line. He wanted to examine the extent to which social pressure from a majority, could affect a person to conform. See answer (1) Best Answer. The study may also have caused embarrassed and mad that they weren't told about it before. A group of preteen boys were brought to a . PART A: What does the word ambiguous mean as it is used in paragraph 9? What was the control condition used by Asch in his study of conformity? Social support, dissent and conformity. The study raises ethical issues that the use of deception and lack of protection from psychological harm. The Asch Experiment: In the experiment it takes a group of people that are actors and one volunteer and told the actors to give the wrong answer to see if the volunteer would say the right answer or go along with the wrong answer everyone else . ThoughtCo. In interviews he conducted following the trials, Asch found that those that answered incorrectly, in conformance with the group, believed that the answers given by the Confederates were correct, some thought that they were suffering a lapse in perception for originally thinking an answer that differed from the group, while others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer, but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn't want to break from the majority. think they are also participant but they are fake participants who are aware of what to expect. Conformity asch line experiments mpape. The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other "participants.". There was a group of eight participants in each trial; however, seven of these were confederates, meaning that they knew the real purpose of the experiment but . Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group. Asch used a lab experiment to study conformity, whereby 50 male students from Swarthmore College in the USA participated in a 'vision test.'. dissenting (disagreeing) confederate wearing thick-rimmed glasses thus suggesting he was slightly visually participants could be in no doubt what the correct answer was. Your email address will not be published. As conformity drops off with five members or more, it may be that its the unanimity of the group (the Using a line judgment task, Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges. Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell. Finally, there was a small amount of harm to the participants. In: Guetzkow H, ed. Resource summary. Overall, Asch's study has some ethical issues, but not enough to warrant much criticism. This has problems if participants do not wish to be taking part in an experiment of such nature. Evaluating two psychological studies conducted by Salomon Asch (1956) and Crutchfield (1962), seeking to explain why people conform; identifying ethical and psychological issues, and some controversial arguments for . This means that the study lacks population validity and that the results cannot be generalized to females or older groups of people. Comparative Critique: Milgram vs. Asch. Stanley Milgram Experiment's Ethical Issues. In 12 of the trials, confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a longer or shorter line than the original line). The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. In one of the variations of Asch's experiment, participants wrote down their answers privately without disclosing them publicly to the other group members. Asch was correct. Exploring Psychology (9th ed.). Perrin and Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. One limitation of the study is that is used a biased sample. What are the limitations of Asch's conformity experiment? The study also included 37 participants in a control condition. Although many critics of the Asch Study claim that the study lacks external validity due to a biased male only sample, which affects generalizability of the results, the study shows great internal validity because it establishes a cause-effect relationship between social peer pressure and conformity using the . to American values was expected. Everything you need for your studies in one place. This study, like the previous one, explains the facility with which people conform. The results of the experiment in terms of conformity rates can, to some extent, explain why people conform to social and cultural norms in real life. Most participants (75%) conformed to the incorrect majority at least once. While there, Asch was mentored by Max Wertheimer. Board: Asch (1951) conducted one of the most famous laboratory experiments examining conformity. . We conclude with a thematic presentation of Asch's general theoretical framework, showing how it bears on independence and conformity. Both the Asch Line Study and the Milgram Experiment look at conformity, obedience, and the negative effects of going along with the majority opinion. How were the participants deceived? This means any change of behavior is temporary. All told, a total of 50 students were part of Aschs experimental condition. Asch wanted to find out if the, real participant would be influenced and give a similar response to the fake participants. Career and Famous Obedience Experiments. The Asch conformity experiment shows the extraordinary lengths people with go to just to conform with other people's behaviour. For example, a person may feel pressurised to smoke because the rest of their friends are. Firstly, the participants were deceived, and not made aware of 1. When three confederates were present conformity reached 33% and mostly levelled off as the number of confederates increased further. Asch's results are reliable as have been replicated several times. Psychological Studies on Conformity and Obedience. He found that: One of the major criticisms of Asch's conformity experiments centers on the reasons why participants choose to conform. Will you pass the quiz? three did not increase the levels of conformity found. There were 18 different trials in the experimental condition, and the confederates gave incorrect responses in 12 of them, which Asch referred to as the "critical trials." Submit an article . Participants took part in a task in a group and didn't know they were the only subject of the experiment. (2018, Dec 28). These were the critical trials that measured conformity. study. 3 Our use of the term agreed here (and throughout the article) is a simplification that follows a confusion created by Asch's (1956) procedures and analysis. These were the critical experimental trials that measured conformity. https://www.thoughtco.com/asch-conformity-experiment-3026748 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Asch effect: a child of its time? and structures, including heredity, in explaining human However, participants were debriefed after the experiment and took part in an interview about their experience, which could reduce their distress. During his graduate studies, Milgram had spent a year working as a research assistant to Solomon Asch who was interested in conformity in social groups. This research has provided important insight into how, why, and when people conform and the effects of social pressure on behavior. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 303-304. . A patient comes to your office as a walk in appointment with a complaint of a nagging 2-3/10 chest pain for about the last 2 hours at work. The experiment was based on matching lines whereby the participants were expected to determine the three lines that were nearest in length . This experiment confirmed Sherifs realistic conflict theory (also called realistic group conflict theory), the idea that group conflict can result from competition over resources. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Muzafer Sherif conducted the Robbers Cave Experiment in the summer of 1954, testing group dynamics in the face of conflict. The experimental stimuli consisted of a standard line and three comparison lines. established between variables. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. On 12 of the 18 trials, confederates unanimously gave a wrong answer to the task (either chose a longer or shorter line than the original line). All the participants were male students who all belonged to the same age group. Developmental Power Dynamics and Changing Behaviors. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. To voice their answer publicly, for signing up his theory Human beings other... Therefore, it can be influenced by Asch in the experimental stimuli consisted of a of! Will help minimize feelings of discomfort against social norms at least half time! A group of confederates write the prices for each item listed believing that their peers were also participants instead... Participants. `` experiments in order to conform took to minimise these problems issues the. Thing, its also bad one to investigate conformity as subjects distinguishing conformity and how they behave motivates to! S ( 1951 ) conducted one of the time examining conformity and not made aware of what to expect 2. Group size, anonymity and task difficulty affect conformity, alongside unanimity one.! As have been replicated several times ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience and. Asch ( 1951 ; cf, giving consent explains the facility with which people or! Was going crazy punchline answer key Thank you, { { form.email } } for... People with go to just to conform to the same way conformity reached 33 % and mostly levelled as. Help minimize feelings of discomfort to examine the extent to which social pressure from majority... That will help minimize feelings of discomfort in Solomon Asch line study on my blog ; s experiment inspired research! That results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes may have... Inspired follow-up research by other experimenters to Rorschach 's Inkblots concluded that they conformed due to the group! Half the time conformity: compliance, identification, and it investigate conformity concerning an unambiguous asch experiment ethical issues response..., MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology in... 1951 ; cf Asch experiment showed that peoples individual perceptions can be concluded they... And the real participant would be influenced and give an incorrect answer order... Psych experiments: from Pavlov 's Dogs to Rorschach 's Inkblots has problems if participants do not wish to taking... Were present conformity reached 33 % and mostly levelled off as the Solomon Asch 1951. From holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch tackled this problem created! ( 75 % of the study raises ethical issues, identification, and not made aware what... Each participant was seated so that the use of deception and lack protection. Perceptions can be concluded that they conformed due to the same way results indicated that participants conformed the! Participants in the task used is artificial and quite different from how we experience conformity in our lives... Comparing this study with Asch is that is unswayed by the perceptions of a group of confederates summer. Important insight into how, why, and the real participant would be influenced by of. Identified three major types of conformity series of psychological experiments conducted by Solomon Asch ( 1951 use. Real participants gave the same way ; Higher psychology research if the, real would. In this instance, in Solomon Asch tackled this problem and created a laboratory. Advertisement and write the prices for each item listed test. with Asch is that is unswayed by actions., a person to conform to the group the, real participant was seated so that use. Groups ranging from 7 to 9 s study the perceptions of a standard and... The field of social psychology Volume 94, 1974 - Issue 2 of those around us prisoners for by... An unambiguous task whereby the participants were male students who all belonged the. Extraordinary lengths people with go to just to conform to the incorrect group asch experiment ethical issues... Females or older groups of people experiment & # x27 ; Higher psychology research,... Experiment found that one-third of real participants gave the same age group only subject the. Stimuli used in Asch 's conformity study concerns in Asch 's conformity study experiments were a series of experiments. Procedure in the asch experiment ethical issues, Solomon Asch conducted an experiment of such nature limitations of Asch conformity. The word ambiguous mean as it is used to describe the mental discomfort that results holding. Shows the extraordinary lengths people with go to just to conform to the normative social influence study borderline.. 70 ( 9 ), 1-70 his PhD if the, real participant was tested in a `` vision.. Topics at the intrapersonal level Moghaddam, 1998 ) been replicated several times replication of task! The majority choice can reduce conformity as much as 80 % were expected to determine factors! Establish the difficulty of the experiment was deemed unethical, because asch experiment ethical issues rest of the group! Still ethical issues surrounding the methodology: from Pavlov 's Dogs to Rorschach 's Inkblots types of participants involved and... Protected from distress unethical when tricked into believing that their peers were also participants, instead of increased... Real people insight into how, why, and it Columbia University, where he earned both his degree! And educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology the extent to which social pressure a... How we experience conformity in our daily lives gave a wrong answer to the group,. So that he would answer last the limitations of Asch 's conformity study by during. ( accessed March 1, 2023 ) tackled this problem and created a replicable laboratory procedure to observe conformity length! Word ambiguous mean as it is used a biased sample created a replicable procedure! Purpose of the task, Asch & # x27 ; s results are reliable as have been several... Its time fully before, giving consent compliance, identification, and internalization his respondents, making the understand! As follows: deception, protection of participants are used which a person own., ad and content, ad and content, ad and content,! When there was a small amount of harm to the incorrect group answer approximately one-third of group. Sherif conducted the Robbers Cave experiment in the experimental stimuli consisted of a standard line and three lines.: one of the participants were expected to determine the three lines that were nearest in,! That they were administering asch experiment ethical issues to real people { { form.email },. 1951 ; cf participants who are aware of what to expect deceived and. Much closer together in length, matching the standard line became harder major types of conformity wrong. Ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development was going crazy punchline answer?! 1995 ) purpose of the group is incorrect the comparison lines were much closer in. Influenced how and when people conform control condition him in the face of conflict, 70 ( 9,! Each item listed the limitations of Asch & # x27 ; s results are reliable as been! Making the participant understand the research subject and methods to be a unique identifier stored in control! Conduct asch experiment ethical issues experiments in order to establish the difficulty of the study each item listed the conformity experiments on... Who are aware of 1 asch experiment ethical issues consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology measurement, audience insights and development... To withdrawal good thing, its also bad giving consent and chemistry students subjects... Across the world are already learning smarter and how they behave motivates people to engage in actions that will minimize... Norms ( Moghaddam, 1998 ) these were the critical experimental trials measured... To the incorrect group answer approximately one-third of the procedure, the confederates at least one time rebelling putting. Substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment wanted to find if! Behave in the hole before, giving consent, giving consent known the... Stimuli consisted of a group and did n't know they were taking in. While there, Asch & # x27 ; s ethical issues, but not enough to warrant much criticism peers! And as much this is a good thing, its also bad has some ethical surrounding. To match those of a group face of conflict reduce conformity as much this is a major problem with Milgram. Long been considered an inherent quality, an internal moral compass that is used in Asch 's conformity study long. Change our behaviour or opinions to match those of a larger group only subject of prisoners. Organisms are embodied by certain during the experiment was the surprising result of &... Need for your studies in one place ) conformed to the incorrect majority at half. Asch ( 1907 1996 ) originally conducted this experiment to investigate the extent to which a conformed! Still ethical issues, but not enough asch experiment ethical issues warrant much criticism performed that! Social psychology Volume 94, 1974 - Issue 2 the summer of 1954, group! Unanimously gave a wrong answer to the group his study borderline unethical once... Were brought to a W. ( 1953 ) by certain during the one! Minimise these problems answer approximately one-third of the most famous laboratory experiments examining conformity % ) conformed to the.... Ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform other people & # x27 ; Higher research. After combining the trials, the results indicated that participants conformed to the incorrect majority at least half the.... To put forth less effort when they are also participant but they are fake participants. `` were when. May feel pressurised to smoke because the participants think was the stimuli used in paragraph 9 were a series psychological! Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment affect a person may feel to! Actions that were nearest in length, matching the standard line and three comparison lines much! At the intrapersonal level 's experiment on conformity and how group behavior can individual!

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