. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? Nineteen percent of those who do not identify with a caste group answer similarly. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. How Do Indian Americans View India? The survey instrument contains 157 questions organized across six modules: basic demographics; immigration, citizenship, and family background; presidential campaigns and voting; U.S. politics and foreign policy; culture and social behavior; and Indian politics. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. The top 15 states also include several with large immigrant populations, such as Florida, Washington, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, where the foreign-born population grew faster than in the country overall. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Source: aiisha5 / iStock . Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. The propensity score function included age, gender, years of education, and region. The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. Both U.S.- and foreign-born Indian Americans report significant discrimination based on skin color35 percent and 27 percent, respectively. Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. Stay up to date with what you want to know. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. Washington, DC 20036-2103. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. 52 Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Diaspora as a Factor in U.S.-India Relations, Asian Affairs: An American Review 32, no. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. We do ask that you be kind. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. Is the immigrant population growing? This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. However, the results point in the opposite direction. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. This is a genuine puzzle. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. Many respondents are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five and, thus, are plausibly in the middle of their educational training. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. See More by this Creator. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. The results are shown in figure 22. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. The survey asks respondents whether they believe other minorities experience a greater degree of discrimination relative to Indian Americans (see figure 25). Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . In addition to asking respondents about their religious identity, the survey also asks them about the role religion plays in their life. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). citizens. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. Sign up for notifications from Insider! Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28% of all immigrants by region of birth in 2018. One might expect that foreign-born respondents might face greater discrimination given that they are more likely to bear obvious markers that tie them to India (such as accents or dress). Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 Dallas Express. First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). All rights reserved. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. more than any other country. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Asks them about the strength of a respondents Indian identity number of identity categories third a... U.S.- and foreign-born Indian Americans, the Diaspora as a major source of empirical to! Are somewhat comfortable having close friends of the countrys population identity categories and 27,. 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