Publication No. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. [12] General Headquarters South West Pacific Area Operational Instruction No.7 of 25 May 1942, issued by Commander-Allied-Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, placed all Australian and US Army, Air Force and Navy Forces in the Port Moresby Area under the control of New Guinea Force. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. At the same time, two sketches were captured at Tacloban, Leyte, which showed the disposition of the Japanese 16th Division. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. Current Translation No. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. Round one had gone to the Americans and Australians who had ejected the. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. Despite the disaster of the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese could not give up on recapturing Wau. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. 141, for example, contained random poems of a Prisoner of War. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). 3 (Fall 2005). More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. In response, on 8 March General Douglas MacArthur sought approval from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to bring forward the previously planned landings at Hollandia to 15 April. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. [16] See The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945.. Subsequently, Supplements No. The Eastern Fleet's British and American aircraft carriers raided Sabang on 19 April. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. portalId: 20973928, Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. Backed by a swamp just 30 yards from the shoreline, and with just one exit trail unsuitable for vehicles, it quickly became congested. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. Tweet. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. [18], "[T]he Owen Stanley Range is a jagged, precipitous obstacle covered with tropical rainforest up to the pass at 6500-foot elevation, and with moss like a thick wet sponge up to the highest peaks, 13,000 feet above the sea. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. [16] Only about 500 of the 11,000 personnel were ground combat troops, being drawn from several antiaircraft batteries. Accordingly, the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, directed on September 22, 1944, that Advanced Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ADVATIS) be established in the immediate vicinity of General Headquarters at Hollandia. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. This diary along with other documents relating to atrocities was used in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". During the war, the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), as it came to be called, grew dramatically. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. Both Information Request Reports and Information Bulletins were supplanted in June 1944, by Research Reports which fulfilled both requirements. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. In early June, US Army engineers, Australian infantry and an anti-aircraft battery were landed near the Lever Brothers coconut plantation at Gili Gili, and work was begun on an airfield. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia of Japanese war criminals Japanese bridges... 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