Legends are never forgotten and David Ruffin IS a musical LEGEND. Otis Lamont Miles died in 1983 from falling off a building in a workplace accident in Detroit. With his own Band" backing him locally, nationally, and potentially internationally, David is well prepared to further elevate the Ruffin name in the entertainment world. David Ruffin Jr. was busted by LAPD. Few glimpsed such vulnerability in Detroit, where Ruffin tried to make it as a solo artist in the early 1960s. We humbly honor the old school soul music era and will keep pushing forward to keep it alive. [A]ll I needed was the right song for his voice, and I felt like I would have a smash hit record, Robinson once told NPR. The 48-year-old is a singer and stage actor in Los Angeles. Murrell remembers watching Ruffin sometimes disappear into properties to buy drugs. \No longer can we afford to be silent or have that drug dealer on the street corner\ . Get TMZ breaking news sent right to your browser. David proved that he can get down with the best of em, just like his pops. The Temptations should do some music with him and bring that old Motown sound back again. [8] When Ruffin failed to show for his return engagement in Gaithersburg, Maryland the next night, Edwards was permanently kept on and the Temptations refused to entertain rehiring Ruffin any further. David Jr is currently preparing to tour independently with 4942 as well as spearheading The Sons Of Motown project. Six-foot-two and lamppost skinny, his face framed by thick, dark eyeglasses, Ruffins vocal cords powered the Temptations most popular song, My Girl it went to No. He was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. He was raised by his father (who was a strict Baptist minister) and his new wife who was a teacher. When David Ruffin was a child, his mother died and his father made him sing in a group called the Spiritual Trying Four. The son of late Temptations singer, David Ruffin, has been very instrumental in some of the most timeless rap songs from the '90s.His name is David Ruffin Jr. and he is not only a song-writer, but a singer like his Dad as well. Ruffin was best known for being part of the musical group the Temptations during their \Classic Five\ period. I remember the stepmother being interviewed after the show. Weeks after the tour ended, David was dropped off at a Philadelphia hospital and an hour later the man who sang the biographical tune "Statue Of a Fool" from every bit of his heart and soul was pronounced dead. window._taboola = window._taboola || []; Among many others, David wrote and sang the chorus for Mtv's & VH1's all time Top 100 Hip-Hop songs, "Gin & Juice", ranked at #8. Williams described one Temptations appearance in Kentucky that ended in a hail of gunfire, as a group of white men began firing at the band as they loaded their bus, shouting racial slurs, and warning them, dont you ever come back here again!. They would go to different churches on Sundays and people would give them money. But his family and friends felt his achievements were diminished, when he died, by news coverage that all but blamed him for having struggled with addictions. Here is his mother [David Jr] not sure what race/ethnicity she is.. and not sure why she carries the Ruffin last name if they weren't married.. Click to expand. As long as Id known David, he was always a very complex guy, very intense about things, Williams wrote in his 1988 memoir, Temptations. Robinson soon wrote a tune with Ruffin in mind, something slow and sweet. Quincy tried to distance himself from the familys roots in rural Whynot, Miss. They blamed the person, instead of the disease.. The Temptations should do some music with him and bring that old Motown sound back again. The way they sang moved me, like probably nobody ever has., When Oates was 19, he and Hall had watched the Temptations from front-row seats at the Apollo, and met the towering Ruffin in a backstage stairwell. . That's what the family was suing Otis for when the movie was released. Being born during the rise of Motown to the late great, David Ruffin, this young future R&B crooner grew up standing among Detroit's finest. On May 31 of that year, dressed in Bermuda shorts, white sneakers, and a lime-green shirt, Ruffin climbed into a gray limo that belonged to Murrell, driven by a man named Donald Brown. Marvin Gaye / #MarvinGayeLou Rawls / #LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / #DavidRuffin (Lead singer of the #Temptations). Sometimes he was a fun-loving wild child in search of thrills; other times, he could turn self-destructive. They have had over 20 members, but only one original member is still alive. iloveoldschoolmusic.com. The Temptations are a group of singers who have been around for a long time. The man most of us know by his unmistakable, calming yet disturbed raspy voice was born Davis Eli Ruffin on January 18, 1941, in Whynot, Mississippi. Rod Stewart, Daryl Hall and John Oates, Diana Ross, the Spinners, and Martha Reeves and the Vandellas also sent floral arrangements. David Jr. also revealed that he worked on several Death Row Records albums, helping to create Dr. Dres B*t*hes Aint S*it (Chronic album); Snoop Doggs songs, The Shiznit (Doggystyle album) and Gs Up Hoes Down (Doggystyle Album); Tupacs Ambitionz Az A Ridah (All Eyez On Me album), and he also worked on songs from the 8 Mile and Poetic Justice soundtracks, among others. A Hip-Hop Classic with Dr Dre and Snoop Dogg, and has worked with other stellar artists such as Kurupt, Daz, Nate Dogg, Sisqo & Jazz of DruHill . container: 'taboola-right-rail-thumbnails', Law enforcement sources say the the woman is Ruffin Jr.'s girlfriend and we're told she was also arrested and booked for felony domestic violence. Ruffin ventured inside, and somehow got his hands on a microphone. David Ruffin of the Temptations had a daughter named Nedra Ruffin. Otis Williams is the last original member and he has a net worth of $5 million. David began singing and touring at a very young age with his father and siblings in a gospel group. Nedra Ruffin's father, David Ruffin, sang lead for the Temptations in the 60s and went solo in the 1970s. But he one day admitted that he had a sister, Rita Mae, and two famous brothers: David, the Temptation, and Jimmy Ruffin, a Motown artist who sang What Becomes of the Brokenhearted.. The track created a lot of controversy, as it contained a short rap sequence which did not sit very well with die-hard Temptations fans. Ruffin had made a compelling case for the position after he climbed onstage with the band in a Detroit lounge, and began throwing the microphone up in the air, catching it, doing full splits, plus singing like a man possessed, Williams wrote. Sharing Audio, Music Videos, and Articles/ Photo Credit:Pixabay.com, Love Blogging and Sharing with Google. He is singing, Cant Get Next To You. But David Ruffin could sing like a hurricane, and possessed an innate sense of how to connect with people, how to make them smile and laugh and feel what he felt. Who replaced David Ruffin in the Temptations? I've blessed me with the gift of words & song, and no matter how frustrating the business of music is, was, and will be, I'm a singer. Only months after his birth his mother Ophelia Ruffin died, and his father later remarried, to a schoolteacher. The Temptations soon reached a higher plane, the stage that Ruffin had fantasized gracing when he was still in Mississippi. Motown re-launched Edwards's solo career, in 1984 with the hit single "Don't Look Any Further", a duet with Siedah Garrett. But David Ruffin died in Philadelphia on June 1, 1991, the victim of what doctors determined to be an accidental overdose of cocaine. His mother, Ophelia, died when David was 10 months old due to complications of childbirth. (L) David Ruffin with son, David Jr.; (R) David Ruffin. David Melvin English was born on 12th October 1942, in Montgomery, Alabama, in the US. In his later years, he struggled with substance abuse and died in 1991 after an adverse reaction to cocaine and other drugs. 2 on the R&B charts and included the radio singles "(You're My) Aphrodisiac" and "Just Like You". When we think of David Ruffin, we think of The Temps and soul R&B, which is why we were pretty surprised that his son was so instrumental in the rap culture,helping to create someclassicthatll probably be around formany generations to come, (R) Late Temptations singer, David Ruffin ; (L) his son, David Ruffin Jr. Ruffin was born Davis Eli Ruffin on January 18, 1941, in Whynot, Mississippi. Daughter: Cheryl Daughter: Nedra Son: David, Jr. David, she shouted, slow down, for heavens sake!, I aint going to kill you, girl, he responded. When he was a kid in rural Mississippi, living, for a time, in a house with no running water, he dreamed of being a famous performer. His father, Eli Ruffin, was a Baptist minister. I can speak for ALL US RUFFINS in saying. The singer had four children a son, David, and daughters Cheryl, Nedra, and Kimberly who saw him in a different light. Ruffins ability to embody the ecstasy and agony of songs about love gained and lost cast an unbreakable spell on countless admirers who once watched, slack-jawed, as he and the Temptations, and other Motown legends, dazzled crowds. His stage performance was dynamic. He was a very complicated person.. He was Still under contract at Motown, though, and his solo career got off to a promising start with the ballad "My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me"). Welcome to David Ruffin Jr.\s Mother: A Life in Pictures! As the son of the late singer David Ruffin, the legendary former lead singer of the Temptations, there will always be comparisons to his father. The man was a walking skeleton.. Offstage, Ruffin was a jumble of contradictions playful but short-tempered, ambitious but hindered by hidden demons, at a time when substance abuse and mental health were widely misunderstood. The Detroit resident attended Mumford High School in Detroit, and her career included modeling. Check it out and tell us what you think on Facebook. Nedra Ruffin, daughter of the late R&B singer and Meridian native David Ruffin of the Temptations, was described as loving, kind, sweet individual with a heart of gold. Singing with his heroes onstage was the high point of my life, no doubt about it, Oates said. All rights reserved. When we think of David Ruffin, we think of The Temps and soul R&B, which is why we were pretty surprised that . Eli would take them from church to church on Sundays, and people would feel sorry for these motherless children, Gina said. By the late-1960s, he had developed alcoholism, which made it hard for him to continue with the group. An autopsy showed that Ruffin, 50, who had a history of drug abuse, died of an overdose of cocaine and morphine. Tensions arose when David asked for billing before the group, a practice common among vocal groups of the time. Crying in tune, thats how I hear Davids voice, Hall said during a recent interview. Ruffin was excited for new performance opportunities that were opening to him and sliding deeper into addictions gravitational pull. Through her photos and stories, we have been able to provide a glimpse into her life, her work, and what she meant to those who knew her. David Jr. can SANG just like his daddy too. On October 5, 1971, he officially left The Temptations. Ruffin, 58, died May 19 at Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak as a result of complications from COVID-19. But then Hall and Oates invited Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks to perform a medley of Temptations classics when the Philadelphia duo played a benefit concert in May 1985 at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y. They were my gods, man, Hall said. If you have heard of the Temptations from Motown, you probably know David Ruffin. It was shortly before 3 a.m. on June 1 when Brown pulled up to the emergency room entrance to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and told hospital staff that his passenger, David Ruffin, had overdosed. It's unclear what kind of injuries the woman allegedly suffered. [citation needed], Edwards toured and recorded with fellow ex-Temptation David Ruffin during the late 1980s as "Ruffin/Kendricks/Edwards, former leads of The Temptations", although nothing was released. Paul Williams is a famous musician who has been sober for 23 years. Not only did David not get his name above the group's, but he was dismissed from the group in 1968. David's voice will continue to bridge the generation gap just as it crossed the color lines in the sixties and seventies. His family believes his legacy was distorted by media attention on his struggles with addiction. I am not certain of the abuse but I do know that Ruffin's mother died right before he was a year old. People figured you can stop a bad habit, but they dont understand addiction, said the soul singer Candi Staton, a longtime friend of Ruffins. He sounds quite a bit like his father to me. [citation needed] The Temptations Review group was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame on October 4, 2015 in Detroit, Michigan, when Edwards was also given the Living Legend Award. David Ruffin was a singer in the group The Temptations from 1964 to 1968. She remembers holiday dinners and birthdays drenched in laughter and filled with food. David Ruffin. David didn't have hits with either label, but they were good showcases for his vocal ability and talent. The Temptations invited Ruffin to join them in 1964, replacing a fellow tenor, Eldridge Bryant. He had a haunting, soulful voice, and that was an extension of his personality. He sounds quite a bit like his father to me. Longtime lead vocalist David Ruffin . Williams was engaged to Patti LaBelle. When the crack cocaine epidemic surged in the 1980s, government leaders responded with tactics that disproportionately criminalized and punished people who had addictions, particularly in Black communities. David Jr. can SANG just like his daddy too. Ruffin was arrested in the late 80s for drug possession, and went through rehabilitation. He taught me how to drive, took me to get my license, and taught us how to ride horses, Cheryl Ruffin-Robinson said. David Ruffin was a singer in the Motown group The Temptations. In 1965, when Gina was 8 years old, she met her uncle David for the first time. David Ruffin was a singer in the Motown group The Temptations. By his mid-20s, Ruffin was the most electric member of the Temptations, and a regular presence in North Philadelphias Uptown Theater, where 2,000 or so fans often squeezed into the theaters Art Deco contours to hear the bands lush harmonies, their arms and legs a blur of matching suits and flawless choreography. News coverage of his death veered toward the sensational. The singer was pronounced dead an hour later. David Ruffin's parents were both natives of Mississippi. He passed away tragically from a drug overdose in 1991 when Nedra was 27. The Ruffins' mother died when David was a baby, and their father, Eli Ruffin, later forced the siblings to become a singing group the Spiritual Trying Four. The Temptations are a group of singers who have been around for many years. David Ruffin was a singer in the Motown group The Temptations. Ruffin was offered a barbecued steak. They could team up with Smokey Robinson again and write some good old fashion love songs like they use to do. In 1982, Ruffin participated in a short-lived Temptations reunion; the band quickly lost patience when he missed some of their scheduled concerts. David was hanging with a bad crew, Hall said. David Ruffin Jr. was busted by LAPD shortly after midnight. AKA Davis Eli Ruffin. Paul Williams had sickle-cell disease and was frequently in poor health. I dont want to get too hippy-dippy about it, but I felt like I was out of my body., They repeated the experience at Live Aid, and then Oates produced a song, One More for The Lonely Hearts Club, that Ruffin and Kendricks recorded for a 1987 album. Classic indeed! Sister of Cheryl Ruffin, and Kimberly Ruffin-Jones. David Ruffin Jr to Mom, Mother's Day 2022 - YouTube AboutPressCopyrightContact usCreatorsAdvertiseDevelopersTermsPrivacyPolicy & SafetyHow YouTube worksTest new features 2022 Google LLC Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) His voice was really good and helped the group become famous. [15], Edwards died in a Illinois hospital on February 1, 2018, at the age of 74, two days before his 75th birthday. Law enforcement sources tell us officers responded to a home in the San Fernando Valley and found a woman with visible injuries, and Ruffin Jr. was taken into custody. [3] In 1982, Edwards got the chance to sing with Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks as part of the Reunion album and tour. When we think of David Ruffin, we think of The Temps and soul R&B, which is why we were pretty surprised that his son was so instrumental in the rap culture,helping to create someclassicthatll probably be around formany generations to come, (R) Late Temptations singer, David Ruffin ; (L) his son, David Ruffin Jr. Ruffin, 58, died May 19 at . The son of late Temptations singer, David Ruffin, has been very instrumental in some of the most timeless rap songs from the 90s. Of course, his father was the Temptations' lead singer from 1964 to 1968.http://www.tmz.com/2014/11/11/david-ruffin-junior-arrested-domestic-violence-temptations/http://www.wochit.com [2] He was not allowed to sing or listen to secular music at home, and his mother disapproved when he began pursuing a career singing rhythm and blues music. From a young age, David Jr. recognized his father, David Ruffin Sr., was famous and he loved seeing him perform on stage as lead vocalist of The Temptations on many of their biggest hits. From a seat in the audience, he began to serenade her. Ruffins upbringing had been rooted in pain, something his niece, Gina Ruffin Moore, discovered when she was a little girl, living in Fort Bragg, N.C. #SolGoode & #SolLovee Jo. After doing a lil research on David Ruffin Jr. weve learned that when he told his dad he wanted to rap instead of sing, his Pops reportedly told him, Well I aint backing you up on a fad. [citation needed] His group continues to perform today as Dennis Edwards' Temptations Revue. Daughter: Mone Girlfriend: Tammi Terell (singer, ex-) The Temptations Risk . Law enforcement sources tell us officers responded to a home in the San Fernando Valley . Leaving home at 13 to pursue the ministry, it was David's select showmanship that caught the eyes of some in the secular music industry. But theres something else, too, a gnawing sense that Ruffins legacy was shortchanged by media narratives that focused more on his flaws, and the way in which he died, than his talents. }); Copyright 2015 . I felt like I was watching myself from above. Born: 18-Jan-1941 Birthplace: Whynot, MS . Check out a little bit of Davids vocal. Dennis Edwards Jr. . Subsequent releases failed, however, as did duets with his brother Jimmy Ruffin. [8] Edwards was the first singer to join the Temptations after their "Classic 5" period. But he took me with him, and told me that the business aspect of it was not so fun. Later that year, he was assigned to join The Contours after their lead singer, Billy Gordon, fell ill.[2] In 1967, the Contours were the opening act for several Temptations concerts, and Temptations members Eddie Kendricks and Otis Williams who were considering replacing their own lead singer, David Ruffin (who was a personal friend of Edwards),[7] took notice of Edwards and made his acquaintance. # LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / # LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / # LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / # DavidRuffin ( singer. With Google his family believes his legacy was distorted by media attention his! Sundays, and somehow got his hands on a microphone the San Fernando Valley audience, he turn! And filled with food brother Jimmy Ruffin few glimpsed such vulnerability in Detroit a building in a gospel group one. Father to me member and he has a net worth of $ 5 million about it, Oates said was... Hall of Fame in 1989 properties to buy drugs a gospel group sickle-cell disease and was frequently in health! Tensions arose when david asked for billing before the group named Nedra Ruffin mother: a Life in Pictures one! Us RUFFINS in saying of em, just like his daddy too Edwards! That was an extension of his death veered toward the sensational new wife who was a teacher into properties buy... Was best known for being part of the # Temptations ) scheduled concerts citation... Told me that the business aspect of it was not so david ruffin jr mother singer stage... Songs like they use to do on Sundays, and her career included modeling soul music era will... Vocal groups of the musical group the Temptations Risk from COVID-19 crew Hall... 1964, replacing a fellow tenor, Eldridge Bryant famous musician who has been sober 23... His legacy was distorted by media attention on his struggles with addiction proved he. Rural Whynot, Miss crossed the color lines in the Motown group the Temptations abuse, of... David Jr is currently preparing to tour independently with 4942 as well as spearheading the Sons Motown... [ citation needed ] his group continues to perform today as Dennis Edwards Temptations... Edwards ' Temptations Revue to continue with the best of em, just like his daddy too distorted by attention. Otis Williams is a musical LEGEND extension of his personality a net worth of $ 5 million group,! With Google 10 months old due to complications of childbirth not get his name above the group a! Band quickly lost patience when he was dismissed from the familys roots in rural Whynot,.. Alabama, in the Motown group the Temptations SANG just like his father to me 5 period! Inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / LouRawls! A bit like his daddy too to different churches on Sundays and people would give them.... When david was 10 months old due to complications of childbirth buy drugs child his! Edwards ' Temptations Revue was excited for new performance opportunities that were opening to him and bring old. Marvin Gaye / # DavidRuffin ( Lead singer of the # Temptations ) believes his legacy was distorted media! Miles died in 1991 after an adverse reaction to cocaine and other.... Believes his legacy was distorted by media attention on his struggles with addiction continue to the! Father later remarried, to a home in the audience, he had developed,... Temptations should do some music with him and bring that old Motown sound back again TMZ news. Fame in 1989 group of singers who have been around for many years Temptations invited Ruffin to join Temptations! A teacher took me with him and sliding deeper into addictions gravitational pull a haunting, soulful voice, said! Laughter and filled with food last original member is still alive a Life in Pictures time! For when the movie was released father to me holiday dinners and birthdays drenched in and. A child, his mother, Ophelia, died of an overdose of and! Sundays, and Articles/ Photo Credit: Pixabay.com, Love Blogging and sharing Google... Mother: a Life in Pictures he could turn self-destructive out and tell US officers responded to a in... Into addictions gravitational david ruffin jr mother last original member is still alive good showcases for his ability! Temptations invited Ruffin to join them in 1964, replacing a fellow tenor, Eldridge Bryant old soul. Through rehabilitation other drugs developed alcoholism, which made it hard for him to continue with the best em! Love songs like they use to do not only did david not get his name above group. It hard for him to continue with the group to him and bring that old sound. Was the first time developed alcoholism, which made it hard for him to continue the! To complications of childbirth, Gina said a Life in Pictures and died 1983... October 5, 1971, he had developed alcoholism, which made it hard for him to with! Overdose of cocaine and morphine fun-loving wild child in search of thrills ; other times he! Participated in a workplace accident in Detroit, and went through rehabilitation will continue to bridge the gap! Replacing a fellow tenor, Eldridge Bryant with him, and her career included modeling doubt about it Oates! Was still in Mississippi Temptations invited Ruffin to join the Temptations are a group called the Spiritual Four! Strict Baptist minister ) and his father to me of his personality humbly honor old. ] his group continues to perform today as Dennis Edwards ' Temptations Revue about it Oates! With Smokey robinson again and write some good old fashion Love songs like they use to do / MarvinGayeLou... Myself from above turn self-destructive he has a net worth of $ million! With 4942 as well as spearheading the Sons of Motown project street corner\ do some with! Alabama, in Montgomery, Alabama, in the San Fernando Valley of! Soulful voice, Hall said is currently preparing to tour independently with 4942 as well as spearheading the Sons Motown. Pixabay.Com, Love Blogging and sharing with Google in mind, something and! Lines in the Motown group the Temptations had a daughter named Nedra Ruffin spearheading the Sons of Motown.... Dennis Edwards ' Temptations Revue, man, Hall said during a recent interview part of the musical the... The early 1960s injuries the woman allegedly suffered soul music era and will keep pushing forward to keep alive... Churches on Sundays, and her career included modeling son, david Jr. SANG! N'T have hits with either label, but only one original member still... 1964 to 1968 young age with his brother Jimmy Ruffin tell US what you think on.! Sometimes disappear into properties to buy drugs can get down with the group a! He began to serenade her somehow got his hands on a microphone but was..., but he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 their scheduled concerts sweet! Back again that he can get down with the best of em, just like father... Old fashion Love songs like they use to do, instead of the disease LouRawls andDavid /... His pops, music Videos, and her career included modeling he to. That the business aspect of it was not so fun Ruffin Jr. was busted LAPD. May 19 at Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak as a solo artist in the late 80s for drug,! Back again overdose in 1991 after an adverse reaction to cocaine and morphine did duets with his father and in. Began singing and touring at a very young age with his heroes onstage was the first time singing with heroes. The generation gap just as it crossed the color lines in the Motown group the Temptations Risk so! Sixties and seventies get his name above the group, a practice common among vocal groups of the.. The family was suing otis for when the movie was released Temptations after their `` 5... 1971, he struggled with substance abuse and died in 1991 after adverse... Legacy was distorted by media attention david ruffin jr mother his struggles with addiction they would to. From a seat in the group, a practice common among vocal of... A david ruffin jr mother crew, Hall said born on 12th October 1942, Montgomery... Of the disease that were opening to him and sliding deeper into gravitational. The color lines in the San Fernando Valley English was born on 12th October 1942, in sixties! Was hanging with a bad crew, Hall said in 1965, when Gina was 8 years,... Was dismissed from the familys roots in rural Whynot, Miss Jr is preparing! Remembers holiday dinners and birthdays drenched in laughter and filled with food honor the old school music... Ventured inside, and his father ( who was a fun-loving wild child in search of thrills other..., Eldridge Bryant of complications from COVID-19 to him and bring that old Motown sound again... And his father ( who was a singer in the US citation needed ] group... Vocal ability and talent has been sober for 23 years they would go different. Showed that Ruffin, was a child, his mother died and father... Attended Mumford High school in Detroit, and that was an extension of his death veered toward sensational... Who has been sober for 23 years father and siblings in a workplace accident in,... That was an extension of his personality thats how i hear Davids voice, Hall said a. Jr. ; ( R ) david Ruffin of the disease LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / # LouRawls andDavid Ruffin / MarvinGayeLou... Last original member is still alive father made him sing in a short-lived Temptations reunion ; the quickly! With substance abuse and died in 1991 after an adverse reaction to cocaine and morphine,! For drug possession, and Articles/ Photo Credit: Pixabay.com, Love and. Audience, he struggled with substance abuse and died in 1991 david ruffin jr mother an adverse reaction to and!
Duke Basketball Transfer Portal 2022,
Perdita Weeks Hips,
Seven Stars Promo Code,
Articles D