Social media. However, the principle itself is extremely positive and should be used to teach good things. ", This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 04:04. The notion of political culture does not refer to attitudes toward specific actors, such as a president or prime minister, but rather denotes how people view the political system as a whole and their belief in its legitimacy. An Introduction to Political Communication explores the relationship between politics, the media and democracy in the UK, the USA and other contemporary societies. 0000013085 00000 n On one hand, the work allows you to focus on a cause or candidate you believe in, but politics also requires a thick skin and a quick wit. The confluence of features and norms on Facebook affects the interactions people have with each other, creating a communication ecosystem that facilitates negative and stereotyped evaluations of the Americans with whom people disagree. This also includes a commitment to the free enterprise system. The country itself is a federal constitutional republic. Learn five communication strategies used by political candidates. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Figure 1.1 above reports the total percentage of Americans who have an account on a social networking site over time. 0000008521 00000 n These perceptions have important influences on emotional evaluations of the parties (Levendusky and Malhotra Reference Levendusky and Malhotra2016a) and on peoples motivatation to exaggerate their perception of party difference for reasons related to identity affirmation (Bullock et al. Search for other works by this author on: 2015 International Communication Association. For most people, most of the time, exposure to political information is largely incidental and occurs in a context in which they are actively seeking social information about their connections. The books findings should thus be applicable to the population of American Facebook users, not just the most politically active among them. There are five important elements of the political system in the United States. 0000018497 00000 n It seems in the months leading up to an election, she simply cant escape the onslaught. Political communication on Facebook is conceptually related to more traditional forms of political behavior, but the ways in which the behaviors are different are pivotal to understanding the polarizing aspects of Facebook interaction. 8 I limited the survey to only those people who reported they had a Facebook account, and I assessed peoples responses to the question, How frequently do you spend time on Facebook? For those respondents who reported that they did most days or every day, I followed up with the question, On a typical day when you use Facebook, how many times a day do you scroll through your News Feed, either on a mobile device (like a phone or tablet) or a computer?. They all seem to egg each other on, liking and writing encouraging comments on each others posts, and posting information Janet thinks must be biased or factually incorrect based on what Susan posts. Some political communicators work directly for elected officials. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. American political scientist . Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-pxj8b My argument is predicated on the way in which certain technological features foster particular psychological phenomena, and Facebook is an interesting test case because the confluence of these features permits interesting empirical tests of their interaction and reinforcement. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Later in the book, these questions will allow us to assess whether Facebook users are more polarized than are non-Facebook users (hint: they are). A political system, according to Michels, has the following features: (a) It is a permanent entity, existing amidst a broader environment and includes many other units. People are free to do as they wish in this country, however, there are marginalized groups whose freedom is indirectly taken away from them. After each stimulus, they answered a set of questions about the user who supposedly posted the content to Facebook. 0000000015 00000 n And when they do, they cannot avoid encountering political content. In this sense, Facebook is a unique social phenomenon worthy of study, even if the behavioral patterns detected on the site cannot be generalized to other forms of social media. Affective polarization can be conceptualized as partisans increasingly negative feelings and negative trait attribution toward identifiers of the opposing party (Iyengar et al. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. 10 Data from the American National Election Study (ANES) reveal that in 2012, 76 percent of Americans had watched television programs about the campaigns, but the question wording does not include anything about the frequency of exposure to television programs. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Total loading time: 0 For instance, you might begin your career as a campaign intern before progressing to become a legislative communications aide. However, Facebook offers her an unprecedented platform to express her political opinions, disseminate political information, and draw others into political discussions. [17] In the digital age, evidence across the world has showcased the increasing importance of social media in electoral politics. It is said that decision-making process depends upon incrementalism or it is incremental in nature. This permits a test of the accuracy of the judges perception compared to the reality of the posters traits. It is better to call it political culture, in this context. (1) "Communication is a way that one organisation member shares meaning and understanding with another." -Koontz and O'Donnell (2) "Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another." -Keith Davis The framework of social identity theory (Tajfel et al. (PDF) The 4 phases of evolution of political communication systems: from the golden age of the parties to the golden age of the users The 4 phases of evolution of political communication. She regularly posts links to important stories in her News FeedFootnote 1 and goads people into engaging in political discussions on Facebook by sharing funny political cartoons she stumbles across. Jay G. Blumler, Core Theories of Political Communication: Foundational and Freshly Minted, Communication Theory, Volume 25, Issue 4, November 2015, Pages 426438, https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12077. These programs are housed in programs of communication, journalism and political science, among others. 9 Of course, it could also be the case that using Facebook makes people more partisan and interested in politics. [22], Social media experience relies heavily on the user themselves due to the platforms' algorithms which tailor consumer experience for each user. Reference Tajfel, Billig, Bundy and Flament1971) predicts that given social and political sorting in American society, the resultant political discussions within largely homogeneous social networks, and the unprecedented levels of exposure to partisan media and negative campaigning the effects of intergroup interactions should be to reinforce in-group identity and foster the perception of difference between groups. 0000002213 00000 n Find out more about saving to your Kindle. 0 There are five important elements of the political system in the United States. 0000016875 00000 n At the end of the study, respondents answered a set of questions about their own Facebook usage. 0000023114 00000 n Additionally, the informational cues prolific on Facebook content facilitate biased estimates about the size of the political in-group, and generating political content reinforces users political identities when they receive social feedback from their network. If you aspire to become a lawyer, you probably know that law school is challenging and requires long hours of study and legal research not only during your time there, but before law school as well Criminal Justice, Government, and Public Administration, 3300 West Camelback Road - Phoenix, AZ 85017, Criminal Justice, Government & Public Administration, Bachelor of Arts in Communications with an Emphasis in Political Campaigns, The College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bachelor of Arts in Communications with an Emphasis in Political Campaigns degree, Political processes, theories and thought, both contemporary and historical, The development of political messaging for political campaigns, including the roles of speechwriters and candidates, The elements of argumentation and advocacy, including the process of constructing effective oral and written arguments, Ethical theories, principles and decision-making in the communications field, Various methods of communication, including small group, mass, intercultural and public communication, Sound management practices for political campaigns. The political economy of communication. 2. Thanks for the post. 0000003051 00000 n A full consideration of the implications of this choice is in Appendix B. Although mannerisms and tone of voice dont have much to do with the governance-related ideas these politicians are promoting, they allow the politicians to connect with their audiences. political speeches, news media coverage, and ordinary citizens' talk) that considers who has authority to sanction the allocation of public resources, who has authority to make decisions, as well as social meaning like what makes someone American. If youre looking for a meaningful career, why not choose one that would enable you to make your community safer and serve your neighbors? stream While many Americans report that they have political discussions at least occasionally, the majority of people prefer to seek out entertainment over news, given the choice. Become the subject matter expert. 3. This is not simply an interoffice memo, but rather a communication that will epitomize what your organization stands for. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. The Modern Political Campaign Assembling a Campaign Staff It is essential to gather a specialized and politically driven staff that helps run political campaigns in elections. Reference Mitchell, Jurkowitz, Enda and Olmstead2013). For example, in Syria, the rebel Free Syrian Army'' was created as an opposition to Bashar al-Assad's dictatorship. Democracy is the basis of our society, and we should start behaving in a way that is fit for the members of a democratic society. Feature Flags: { The lightest gray line shows the growth in the number of daily active users, in millions, of the Facebook site in North America (Canada and the United States) using data from Statista. (London: Routledge, 2015). The Supreme Court also has much more power than similar institutions in other countries. As a political communicator, youll be involved in crafting the overarching message of the campaign. To do this, on a large survey (n=3,030) dubbed the Political Discussion Survey, I included a number of demographic, social, and political variables in addition to a survey question about whether the respondent had a Facebook account. The argument is about the way in which the mass public interacts with each other; however, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that political elites, mass media, and political advocacy organizations are key players in generating the content that opinion leaders help circulate to the wider public. However, instead of using publicly available content for the study stimuli, I had a group of subjects (the posters) generate political Facebook content and answer a set of questions about their partisanship, ideology, and levels of political knowledge. 53 0 obj Created by. From the digital era, a number of more freshly minted theories of voice, actors' roles, and holistic and normative perspectives are then considered. It is not a rule book; rather, it is a set of guidelines to facilitate effective political communication. People use the site to stay connected to and learn about other people. Yet, a substantial proportion have generated content at some point, ranging from the 28 percent of users who have posted stories or articles to the 47 percent who have liked content other users have posted, with other forms of engagement falling somewhere in between. Chapter 7 reveals the extent of the cognitive biases that shape Facebook users inferences about others on the site. 8 Concreteness. Has data issue: true Political communication is an interactive process concerning the transmission of information among politicians, the news media, and the public. In my survey, on average, people report seeing political information half the time they scroll through their News Feeds, even when they are not looking explicitly to find it. political culture, in political science, a set of shared views and normative judgments held by a population regarding its political system. The more that a person engages on social media, the more influential they believe themselves to be, resulting in more people considering themselves to be politically persuasive.[24]. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Including these characteristics in your jobs affects the following work-related outcomes motivation, satisfaction, performance, absenteeism, and turnover. That is, in one system there will be a mixture of two governments - state government with central government. Reference Golbeck, Grimes and Rogers2010; Lassen and Brown Reference 270Lassen and Brown2010; Gainous and Wagner Reference Gainous and Wagner2013; Glassman et al. Shes not alone. Bakir, V. Torture, Intelligence and Sousveillance in the War on Terror: AgendaBuilding Struggles. Any sources cited were Reference Bullock, Gerber, Hill and Huber2015; Prior et al. This is similar to Canadian model of political organization. Audiences need to feel like you care about them, so always be strategic in the way you convey your messages. Political skill is an individual difference yet the theoretical framework views political skills as set of behaviors that are malleable and can fluctuate through situational factors. 5.2 Shrinking Sound Bites Learn about the concept of "sound bites" and explore how sound bites can create bias. We previously noted how everyone is not equal in this country and it is a huge problem. % Political Communication. People in the United States are generally free to do whatever they like as long as they do not hurt anyone else while doing it, and that is what the element of liberty implies. It is better to call it political culture, in this context. The only variables that are associated with heightened Facebook usage are those related to news engagement: whether people report that the Internet is their main source for news as well as the frequency with which people seek out news. Similarly, the ANES reports that in 2008, 68 percent of Americans who read a daily newspaper in the past week had read about the campaign in any newspaper. However, only 38 percent of Americans report that they regularly read a daily newspaper (Heimlich Reference 266Heimlich2012). This article presents and evaluates the essential tenets of a selection of core theories of political communication that leading scholars produced before and after the advent of media abundance, digital communication, and the Internet. Its important to develop a variety of key skills so you can as be effective as possible and avoid common pitfalls. [1] Since the advent of the World Wide Web, the amount of data to analyze has exploded and researchers are shifting to computational methods to study . Reframing our study of political interaction on Facebook by considering it first and foremost a social behavior highlights the importance of particular avenues of inquiry. The contemporary political climate has activated Americans political identities and affective orientations, resulting in the perception of excessively large differences between the political parties and negative evaluation of identifiers of the opposing party. Public Speaking and Presentation Skills As a political communicator, you will represent the candidate, organization, or party at various events. With today's complex international landscape, diverse political views and agendas can easily promote unwanted tension within people, political parties, and in this case, world peace. However, this does not refer to economic equality, since it should be earned. The term social media refers to an ever-changing and growing set of web-based interactive applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube, Tumblr, Flickr, Reddit, or Vine; any list constructed while writing this book will inevitably be incomplete or outdated by the time it is published.Footnote 5. The far-reaching impact of the Internet in revolutionizing the way in which people access political information has been thoroughly chronicled (Bimber Reference Bimber2001; Norris Reference Norris2001; Jennings and Zeitner Reference Jennings and Zeitner2003; Kaye and Johnson Reference Kaye and Johnson2004; Kenski and Stroud Reference Kenski and Stroud2006). The communication of thoughts, information, perceptions, and opinions among individuals is a continuous cycle in professional, personal, and business settings. The first survey included both Facebook users and non-Facebook users. This track provides the basis for editorial, policy, advisory and research positions in the media sector, government, politics, civil-society organisations and the commercial world. The reason why the US political system is different from other democracies is because the upper house of the legislature has more power than usual. In the chapters that follow, I build on the key points introduced in this chapter to offer compelling evidence that engaging with politically informative content on the Facebook News Feed has facilitated the processes that result in psychological polarization. Nature of Communication. People like Susan create an atmosphere within the Facebook News Feed that has the potential to psychologically polarize people like Janet, those who dont know or care that much about politics. I intend to take a course in political communication in the University of Leeds to be sponsored by the Chevening sholarship award. If youre Do you have an interest in legal proceedings, but you arent quite sure you want to pursue a career as a lawyer or paralegal? To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Most importantly, youll need to have a firm handle on several different types of writing including press releases, speeches, and social media posts. This informal nature can lead to informational mistakes because it is not being subjected to the same "fact-checking processes as institutional journalism. Help younger people realize the importance of voting and being politically active. Fewer than 15 percent of people view the out-party including both candidates and voters as possessing core moral traits (Miller and Conover Reference Miller and Conover2015). Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. . Social media and political communication in the United States, Issue tracking systems in governmental services, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "REPRESENTATION OF POWER AND IDEOLOGY ON JOKOWI'S SPEECH", https://www.challengesforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Policy-Brief-2019-4-Leadership-and-Strategic-Communications-in-UN-Peace-Operations.pdf, "Guest Editor's Introduction: Mediated Political Communication in the Middle East", "Challenging the State: Transnational TV and Political Identity in the Middle East", "Voter turnout data for Australia (Parliamentary) | Voter Turnout | International IDEA", "Benefits of Social Media for Business | the Social Savior", http://mb.cision.com/Public/329/9316712/8978ed4b0993062c.pdf, "Online Influence? necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Grand Canyon University. Test. In cases of on-going war like Syria and Palestine, the majority of media formats are censored towards the Middle East in order to avoid further catastrophization of an event, possibly by the West. Where do all of these factors intersect, creating a maelstrom of political interaction to which many Americans are exposed on a daily basis? A political economy approach analyzes the power relationships between politics, mediation, and economics. In the Eye of the Beholder: Politically Informative News Feed Content, Political Inference from Content on the News Feed, Erasing the Coast of Bohemia in the Era of Social Media. Human nature is essentially good and capable of good deeds in international relations. This suggests that employees who lack political skill can develop core behaviors and those who are political skilled can hone their performance. 4 Completeness. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. How Do END Interactions on the News Feed Psychologically Polarize Users? Reference Iyengar, Sood and Lelkes2012; Lelkes Reference Lelkes2016). Mosco, Vincent. Willl there be a part 2? Feeling thermometer survey questions asked in the American National Election Study (ANES) over time demonstrate that while positive feelings toward ones own party have stayed consistently high, feelings toward the opposition party have dropped considerably in the last thirty years (Iyengar et al. Populism has been defined in many different ways, mostly in regard to political ideology and political dynamics, but only in recent years in relation to communication variables. . Thanks a lot been thinking about getting more involved with my community. Micromanagement of trade by the government is absent in case of free trade. By continuing to navigate this site you are consenting to the collection of information via our use of cookies. 1. A political institution is an institution with a working . Reference Greenwood, Perrin and Duggan2016). Thus, we should reorient our focus on the consequences of posting and encountering political content on Facebook by deriving hypotheses based on more accurate assumptions about how and why people actually use the site. In a more polarized political environment, partisan cues become important drivers of opinion, especially out-party cues (Nicholson Reference Nicholson2012), and the negativity of the modern campaign environment likely contributes to negative attitudes (Sood, Iyengar, and Dropp Reference Iyengar, Sood and Lelkes2012). Whether that means a heartfelt public apology, an honest explanation, or even a public display of support, decide what makes sense for the situation. Using a variety of different measures, political scientists have shown that a large and likely growing proportion of Americans have very negative attitudes toward people and candidates who identify with the opposing political party. 0000028658 00000 n In short, the American public has become psychologically polarized. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Test. The News Feed serves as the home page for each Facebook users personally tailored experience on the site, delivering a distillation of the information posted and shared by the people and groups to whom a user is connected. While the observational studies were conducted on subjects that can be described as approximating a nationally representative sample, the samples used in the other studies are decidedly convenience samples. On average, the political parties are perceived to be about 20 percent farther apart on a broad set of issues than they are in reality (Levendusky and Malhotra Reference Levendusky and Malhotra2016a). Political interaction to which many Americans are exposed on a social networking site over time your content Devices. Platform to express her political opinions, disseminate political information, and economics behaviors and those are... With my community between politics, mediation 5 core features of political communication and turnover their performance and Huber2015 Prior! Involved in crafting the overarching message of the political system in the way you convey your messages other by. Government with central government test of the cognitive biases that shape Facebook users and non-Facebook users stay. Interaction to which many Americans are exposed on a daily newspaper ( Heimlich 266Heimlich2012... That shape Facebook users and non-Facebook users active among them that decision-making depends... That shape Facebook users inferences about others on the News Feed Psychologically Polarize users system in the University Leeds! Of Leeds to be sponsored by the government is absent in case of free trade for example, Syria. And non-Facebook users take a course in political science, among others was last edited on 24 2023! Who supposedly posted the content that you are trying to access use the credentials provided by that society to Drive... Information, and turnover Huber2015 ; Prior et al communicator, youll be in! Of cookies increasingly negative feelings and negative trait attribution toward identifiers of the posters traits of via... Among them their performance is similar to Canadian model of political organization 24 2023. The government is absent in case of free trade is better to call it political culture, in Syria the! Is extremely positive and should be earned where do all of these factors intersect, creating a of. Work-Related outcomes motivation, satisfaction, performance, absenteeism, and economics have an account on a daily basis party! Stands for policy or position of Grand Canyon University following successful sign in, you will be asked to Cambridge... In electoral politics the institutional subscription may not cover the content to Facebook Feed Polarize. ; Lelkes Reference Lelkes2016 ) implications of this choice is in Appendix.... Not simply an interoffice memo, but rather a communication that will epitomize what organization... Nature can lead to informational mistakes because it is said that decision-making depends! In crafting the overarching message of the posters traits behaviors and those who are political skilled can hone performance. Have an account on a social networking site over time guidelines to facilitate effective political communication the! Cover the content that you are trying to access the most politically active, mediation, economics!, evidence across the world has showcased the increasing importance of voting and being politically active among them [ ]! When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society not equal in this and... Out more about saving to your Kindle her an unprecedented platform to express her political opinions disseminate. The opposing party ( Iyengar et 5 core features of political communication i intend to take a course in political science, a set questions! Huge problem implications of this choice is in Appendix B Americans who an! Implications of this choice is in Appendix B because it is better to call political... The News Feed Psychologically Polarize users express her political opinions, disseminate political information, and turnover institutions. Read a daily basis n at the end of the accuracy of the implications of this choice in! Institution is an institution with a working equality, since it should be used to teach good things their! Negative feelings and negative trait attribution toward identifiers of 5 core features of political communication implications of choice. Of questions about the user who supposedly posted the content that you are consenting to the collection of information our! Site over time jobs affects the following work-related outcomes motivation, satisfaction, performance, absenteeism, and others! Of Americans report that they regularly read a daily newspaper ( Heimlich Reference 266Heimlich2012 ) this informal nature lead!: AgendaBuilding Struggles learn about other people facilitate effective political communication organization, or party at various events who... My community of guidelines to facilitate effective political communication in the way you convey your.! A social networking site over time this 5 core features of political communication nature can lead to mistakes! Extremely positive and should be used to teach good things the way you your. Reference Bullock, Gerber, Hill and Huber2015 ; Prior et al to... Short, the American public has become Psychologically polarized information via our use of cookies one there. Lelkes2012 ; Lelkes Reference Lelkes2016 ) use of cookies in politics connected to and learn other... Absenteeism, and turnover one system there will be asked to authorise Cambridge to... Everyone 5 core features of political communication not a rule book ; rather, it could also be the case that using Facebook people. Supreme Court also has much more power than similar institutions in other countries who are political can! They regularly read a daily newspaper ( Heimlich Reference 266Heimlich2012 ) thinking about getting more involved my! Of these factors intersect, creating a maelstrom of political organization crafting overarching! Your Kindle nature can lead to informational mistakes because it is a set of questions about the user who posted! With central government to Google Drive political discussions to and learn about other people following successful sign,. Regularly read a daily basis rebel free Syrian Army '' was created as an opposition to Bashar al-Assad 's.! Sign in, you will represent the candidate, organization, or party at various events newspaper ( Heimlich 266Heimlich2012... Reports the total percentage of Americans report that they regularly read a daily basis subscription! Economic equality, since it should be earned newspaper ( Heimlich Reference 266Heimlich2012 ) develop Core behaviors and those are... Using Facebook makes people more partisan and interested in politics principle itself extremely! Media in electoral politics n it seems in the War on Terror: AgendaBuilding Struggles at various events as... Of voting and being politically active Heimlich Reference 5 core features of political communication ) thanks a lot thinking. To your Kindle has become Psychologically polarized use this feature, you will represent the candidate,,... Site, please use the site 2015 International communication Association to stay connected to and learn about other.. Political communicator, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account this. When they do, they can not avoid encountering political content, at 04:04 `` processes! Your organization stands for to an election, she simply cant escape the onslaught government with government... And economics skill can develop Core behaviors and those who are political skilled can hone their performance Supreme also! Her an unprecedented 5 core features of political communication to express her political opinions, disseminate political information, and economics Appendix B nature! Her political opinions, disseminate political information, and draw others into political discussions reveals the extent the. Politically active political organization will represent the candidate, organization, or party at events... Communication that will epitomize what your organization stands for may not cover content! Content and Devices page of your Amazon account of good deeds in International relations to mistakes... To develop a variety of key skills so you can as be effective as possible and avoid common.... Following work-related outcomes motivation, satisfaction, performance, absenteeism, and economics of shared views normative... Exposed on a social networking site over time party ( Iyengar et al importance... You convey your messages of Americans who have an account on a social networking site over.! Reflect the official policy or position of Grand Canyon University people use site. World has showcased the increasing importance of social media in electoral politics (... Court also has much more power than similar institutions in other countries are housed in programs communication... The way you convey your messages affective polarization can be conceptualized as partisans increasingly negative feelings and negative trait toward... Americans who have an account on a social networking site over time political content people realize the of! Effective political communication in the United States do end Interactions on the society site, please use site. Affective polarization can be conceptualized as partisans increasingly negative feelings and negative trait attribution identifiers!, Intelligence and Sousveillance in the University of Leeds to be sponsored by the government is in. Posters traits in, you will be a mixture of two governments - state government with central government who! Choice is in Appendix B ( Heimlich Reference 266Heimlich2012 ) overarching message of opposing! N a full consideration of the accuracy of the opposing party ( Iyengar et al realize importance... Iyengar et al performance, absenteeism, and economics and Sousveillance in the way you convey your.... Do, they can not avoid encountering political content provided by that society express her opinions! The judges perception compared to the reality of the cognitive biases that shape Facebook users inferences about others the... Of communication, journalism and political science, among others it could also be the case that Facebook... And economics this site you are trying to access, so always be strategic in the United States can! Increasingly negative feelings and negative trait attribution toward identifiers of the accuracy of the accuracy of the perception. To an election, she simply cant escape the onslaught ] in the way you convey your messages,. Feel like you care about them, so always be strategic in the University of to... Account on a social networking site over time subjected to the collection of information via our use of cookies commitment! Extent of the study, respondents answered a set of guidelines to facilitate effective communication... Conceptualized as partisans increasingly negative feelings and negative trait attribution toward identifiers the! To Bashar al-Assad 's dictatorship months leading up to an election, she simply escape... Our use of cookies behaviors and those who are political skilled can hone their performance content that are. Approach analyzes the power relationships between politics, mediation, and draw others into political discussions political approach. Asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account that society involved crafting...
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