Marie continued to attend the Conseil du roi by following the advice of Cardinal Richelieu, who she introduced to the King as minister. Husbands hiding things from wives, mothers from children, and generation from generation. He creates equality between all of the figures in the painting by cleverly balancing corporeal and ethereal space.[43]. These paintings of her parents in Marie de' Medici's reception hall look bleak in comparison to the portrait of Marie, where she is looking beautiful if not vain. [104] The artist chose the high road, relying on Ripa's visual vernacular, to portray a scene where virtues defeat vices and embrace peaceful reconciliation making little more than an allusion to a vague political statement.[104]. Her son Louis XIII died on May 14. [127] The painting shows Henry parading into Paris as a victorious Roman emperor holding an olive branch, the symbol of peace. Maria was interested in science; she enjoyed learning about mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, as well as the arts. [6] When Henry was assassinated in 1610, Louis XIII, his son and successor to the throne, was only eight years old. Key moment in the Medici cycle from the Louvre, Sarah R. Cohen, "Rubens's France: Gender and Personification in the Marie de Mdicis Cycle,", The paintings of Rubens and Van Dyck on the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. [74], The Council of the Gods is one of the least understood paintings of Marie de' Medici cycle. All of the paintings have the same height although they vary in width in order to fit the shape of the room they were intended for. Maries appreciation of the visual arts ran deep, and she also dabbled in the medium herself. Marie didnt want to escape the Chateau de Blois to live in peace and quiether ambition was far too great for that. Marie is shown as Juno (Greek Hera) identified by the peacocks and chariot. The ambiguity of the figures was essentially used to depict Marie in a positive light. From the beginning, Marie was under suspicion at court because she was perceived as a foreigner and never truly mastered French;[18] moreover, she was heavily influenced by her Italian friends and confidants, including her foster sister Leonora "Galigai" Dori and Concino Concini, who was created Marquis d'Ancre and a Marshal of France, even though he had never fought a single battle. The Marie de' Medici Cycle is a series of twenty-four paintings by Peter Paul Rubens commissioned by Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France, for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. Marie was of a very jealous temperament, and she refused to accept her husband's numerous infidelities; indeed, he forced his wife to rub shoulders with his mistresses. [1] The first series of 21 canvases depicts the life of Marie in largely allegorical terms, and was finished by the end of 1624, to coincide with the celebrations surrounding the wedding of her daughter, Henrietta Maria to Charles I of England on 11 May 1625. [44] A personification of France is shown behind Henry in her helmet, her left hand showing support, sharing in his admiration of the future sovereignty. Madame de Pompadour was the alluring chief mistress of King Louis XV, but few people know her dark historyor the chilling secret shared by her and Louis. The truth is, not one of us is innocent. Did Marie almost immediately mess this chance up? Gortner, The Confessions of Catherine de Medici. Rubens thus turned to mythological allusions, emblematic references, personifications of vices and virtues and religious analogies to veil an often unheroic or ambiguous reality. Thanks for your time! However, a few weeks later, Henrietta d'Entragues also produced a son, and Henry not only made just as much fuss over this son but declared that he was better-looking, not fat and dark like Louis and the Medici. Rubens owned more prints from his contemporary, Adriaen Brouwer, than any other of his Italian influences or his own contemporaries, although it is suggested that Rubens's compassion and concern for Brouwer's career may have been the influential cause for his collection of Brouwer's work. With Marie still begging for Henry to crown her, the king instead spent his time playing his mistress and wife off of each other. After her sister's marriage in 1584 with Vincenzo Gonzaga, heir of the Duchy of Mantua, and her departure to her husband's homeland, Maria's only playmate was her first cousin Virginio Orsini, to whom she deferred all her affection. Johanna of Austria rubens.jpg 373 823; 99 KB. [14] Rubens painted extravagant images of the Queen Mother surrounded by ancient gods and at times even deified her using these devices. [99] It can also be debated that the painting is not really about peace or security, but really an unrelenting spirit that does not give into loss. [6] She was also passionate about jewelry and precious stones. [60], The Coronation in Saint-Denis is the last scene on the North End of the West Wall, showing the completion of Marie's divinely assisted preparation. UMI Research Press. Less understandably, she directed all her anger at Marie, and made it her business to destroy her happiness. These spats were disruptive, but there were other things going on in the broken home. She gently touches Henrys shoulder and whispers in his ear, assuring him that a match with the Medici princess is indeed good for the kingdom. [101] Additionally, the inclusion of two differently adorned personifications of Peace hints at the fact that Rubens wanted to confuse or excite the viewer to look deeper into this particular painting as a whole. Apollo being associated with art, Athena with wisdom, and Hermes the messenger god for a fluency and understanding of language. The wealth of the Medici family attracted many suitors, in particular the younger brother of her aunt Grand Duchess Christina, Franois, Count of Vaudmont and heir of the Duchy of Lorraine. WebThe Marie de' Medici Cycle is a series of twenty-four paintings by Peter Paul Rubens commissioned by Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France, for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. Growing up in Florence near the height of the Medici clans powers, the young Marie was friends with many Florentine masters. Antoinette de Pons, Marquise de Guercheville and Premire dame d'honneur of the new Queen, was responsible for welcoming her to Marseille. It has been suggested that the allegorical nature of the work would have made Maries usurpation of this and other masculine roles palatable. The last painting in the cycle, The Triumph of Truth, is a purely allegorical depiction of King Louis XIII and his mother, the Queen, reconciling before heaven. Around 1622, she commissioned the famed artist Peter Paul Rubens to do a 21-piece series of her favorite subjectherself. It resembled a grotto and was decorated with a marble statue of Venus and the coat of arms of the Medici family. She had a long, oval face, auburn hair, and wide, piercing eyes. The wall opposite the gallery's entrance presents an image of the assassination and assumption of Henry IV, as well as the proclamation of the widowed Marie's regency. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. After the death of the Duc de Luynes in December 1621, she gradually made her political comeback. Rubens gave Mercury an impression untruthfulness by illustrating his figure hiding a caduceus behind his thigh. After all, Henry ruled over a vast and influential kingdom, and Marie thought that she could be just the queen he needed to reign beside him. Join thousands of others and start your morning with our Fact Of The Day newsletter. [78] The eagle in the sky compels the weaker birds to flee. Now a refugee with the Spanish, enemies of France, Marie was thus deprived of her pensions. )", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, Thiroux d'Arconville, Marie-Genevive-Charlotte, Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici, Life of Marie dei Mdicis. [78] Fame in the right side of the painting pushes air through the trumpet so powerfully that a burst of smoke comes out. She is conducted to the altar by the Cardinals Gondi and de Sourdis, who stand with her along with Mesieurs de Souvrt and de Bethune. The object may be seen as foretelling of Marie's peaceful reign. Henrys mistress Henriette had to go and give birth to another son, albeit an illegitimate one. In the works, Marie got the painter to depict her as the Roman goddess Juno. [113] Rubens artfully projected both mother and son into the future, depicting them as more aged and mature than in the preceding panel (Peace is Confirmed in Heaven). It is generally thought that Hermes endows the princess with the gift of eloquence, to go along with the Grace's gift of beauty. Stirring up xenophobic passion, the nobility designated the Italian immigrants favored by Marie as responsible for all the wrongs of the kingdom. Louis XIII, judging his mother too involved in intrigue, encouraged her to retire to the Chteau de Compigne. After Marie's banishment in 1631, the project was to be completely abandoned,[123] which seems a travesty seeing as Rubens was very optimistic about the project and its effects on his career; "I have now begun the designs of the other gallery which, in my judgment, because of the nature of the subject will prove to be more splendid than the first so that I hope I shall rather gain [in reputation] than decline. Four of the images are devoted to the marriage, possibly because marriage at Marie's relatively advanced age of twenty-seven was quite rare for a woman at the time. "[88] Certain symbolic elements, such as the wreath of oak leaves (a possible corona civica), France being seen as a subjugated province, and the inclusion of Saturn in the scheme might all point to this interpretation and certainly would not have been lost on Rubens. Nevertheless, the Queen-Regent's policy caused discontent. We all have sins to confess.. From practically the moment she was born in 1575, Marie de Medici didnt mess around. WebSourced quotations by the French Monarch Catherine de' Medici (1519 1589). The way France is also dressed shows how female she is on top revealing her breasts and the way the fabric is draped adding notions of classicism. Within this context Rubens' approach to 'historical truth' may appear selective or, worse, dishonest, but he was neither a historian in the modern sense, nor a journalist; the Medici cycle is not reportage, but rather poetic transformation. Seriously girls, this guy? A member of the powerful House of Medici in the branch of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the wealth of her family caused Marie to be chosen by Henry IV to become his second wife after his divorce from his previous wife, Margaret of Valois. Marie subsequently traveled to Cologne, where she took refuge in a house loaned by her friend Pierre-Paul Rubens. [79] Other figures include Fame and the personification of Austria with her lion. The codex includes 3 full-size illuminations, 42 full-page miniatures, countless historiated or golden initials, and borders feature Flemish and Italianate flowers. WebWhen it came to setting up her son for success, Maria Salviati left nothing to chance. Nevertheless, Marie's rule was strengthened by the appointment of Armand Jean du Plessis (later Cardinal Richelieu)who had come to prominence at the meetings of the Estates Generalas Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs on 5 November 1616. Over the years, she did not notice the rising power of her protg; when she realized it, she broke with the Cardinal and sought to oust him. In particular, she tried to attract several large-scale artists to Paris: she brought in The Annunciation by Guido Reni, was offered a suite of Muses painted by Giovanni Baglione, invited the painter Orazio Gentileschi (who stayed in Paris during two years, during 16231625), and especially the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, who was commissioned by her to create a 21-piece series glorifying her life and reign to be part of her art collection in the Luxembourg Palace. In late February 1619, Marie had enough of sitting pretty in some faraway palace. This, along with its setting makes it difficult to figure out the subject matter of the work. Rubens received the commission in the autumn of 1621. [107] Marie de' Medici however, emerges as a loving mother, ready to forgive all evils and pain endured. The Queen also surrounded herself with portrait painters, such as Charles Martin and especially the Flemish Frans Pourbus the Younger. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. [108] The Queen and Louis XIII are depicted floating in heaven, connected by the symbol of concordia, which demonstrates her sons forgiveness and the peace that was reached between them. Unfortunately, it was far too late. Her parents, Francesco I de Medici and the Archduchess Joanna of Austria, were powerful movers and shakers in the Tuscan world, and Marie was indirectly descended from Cosimo de Medici, the father of the notorious Medici house. On either side of the fireplace in the gallery are the portraits of the Queen's parents. Reading from left to right, we see the cityscape with its single hill. A rainbow extends from the left corner, a symbol of concord and peace. The Catholic fanatic Francois Ravaillac assassinated the king. Within hours after Henry IV's assassination, Marie was confirmed as Regent by the Parliament of Paris on behalf of her son and new King, eight-year-old Louis XIII. But hey, beauty is only skin deepas it turned out, the real issue was that he was a monster inside. Perhaps its not surprising given his parents tempers and general bad behavior, but by all accounts, the Dauphin Louis needed a huge attitude adjustment. Below, Poseidon, three Nereids, a sea-god and Triton rise from the sea, after having escorted the future Queen on the long voyage to procure her safe arrival in Marseilles. In the Louvre, the Queen had a luxurious apartment on the first floor fitted out, then moved in 1614 to a new apartment on the ground floor, which she had adorned with panels and paintings by Ambroise Dubois, Jacob Bunel, Guillaume Dume, and Gabriel Honnet on the theme of Jerusalem Delivered of Torquato Tasso (whose translation by Antoine de Nervze was Marie's first reading in French). Marie had to wait until 13 May 1610 to be finally crowned Queen of France. The cornucopia above the infant's head can be interpreted as a harbinger of Marie's future glory and fortune; the lion may be seen as symbolic of power and strength. The Queen-Mother's attempts to convince Pietro da Cortona and Guercino to travel to Paris ended in failure, but during the 1620s the Luxembourg Palace became one of the most active decorative projects in Europe: sculptors such as Guillaume Berthelot and Christophe Cochet, painters like Jean Monier or the young Philippe de Champaigne, and even Simon Vouet on his return to Paris, participated in the decoration of the apartments of the Queen-Mother. With both beauty and big bucks, Europes most influential suitors considered Marie de Medici the top prize they could win, and she entertained courtships from multiple dukes around her area as a teenager. [98], The Return of the Mother to Her Son tenuously held an alternate title The Full Reconciliation with the Son after the Death of the High Constable until the temperament of the nation was assessed. I knew that she was going to take it badly, but I had no idea about the insane lengths she would go to just to get revenge and mess with my life. Rubens also added a barking dog, a common reference used to indicate or warn someone of foreigners who came with evil intention. They also produced two French queens Catherine de Medici (15471589) and Marie de Medici (16001630). Her mandate as regent legally expired in 1614, when her son reached the age of majority, but she refused to resign and continued as regent until she was removed by a coup in 1617. When Marie finally did land in France and meet her king, it seemed for a (very brief) period that things might turn out well after all. In fact, due to the king's other engagements their introduction was delayed, and it was not until midnight nearly a week after Marie arrived that Henry finally joined his bride. Marie earned a long list of foes in her dangerous game of thrones, but her biggest rival was the one closest to her heart: Her own son Louis. [125] The Battle of Ivry on the East Wall of the gallery is a scene of Henry's most decisive battle to unify the city of Paris. Sure, Henry was a royal catch, but Maries suitor had an utterly disturbing reputation. By representing Marie as Juno, implying Henry as Jupiter, the king is seen domesticated by marriage. Still not understanding the personality of her son and still believing that it would be easy for her to demand the disgrace of Richelieu from him, she tried to obtain the dismissal of the minister. In reply to warnings of the dangers of personally visiting a battlefield: My courage is as great as yours. This gesture would usually be shared among male companions, telling each other's secret. The baby is quite close to a serpent, which is a representation of Health. [9] The cycle of paintings dedicated to the life of Henry IV was never completed, although some preliminary sketches survive. These ultimately imply that this allegory of Marie de' Medici is an apotheosis. The Queen accepts an orb, a symbol of government, from the personification of France while the people kneel before her and this scene is a great example of the exaggeration of facts in the cycle. The scene is painted with a variety of mythological figures. It also suggests that she perpetuated the policies and ideals of the late King in his life and in death. Simultaneously by placing King and Queen together he effectively illustrates the elevated status of the couple. Marie's conduct was such that she forced her son to banish her from France, where she was encouraging her other son, Gaston. C.W. Copyright 2023 by Factinate.com. In the end, the great, powerful Marie de Medici passed on July 3, 1642. Her visit to Amsterdam was considered a diplomatic triumph by the Dutch, as it lent official recognition to the newly-formed Dutch Republic; accordingly, she was given an elaborate ceremonial royal entry, of the sort the Republic avoided for its own rulers. It was an Oedipal nightmareso is it any wonder Louis bit back? The English statesman Ralph Winwood also described her as of a comely stature, and with a natural grace. [70] All these and more, combine to make a persuasive argument and show a certain artistically respectful nod from Rubens to Caravaggio as two contemporaries of the time. The noble coalition was quickly defeated at the Battle of Ponts-de-C (7 August 1620) by Louis XIII, who forgave his mother and the princes. One year after the end of the Estates General, a new rebellion of the Prince of Cond allowed his entry into the Conseil du Roi by the Treaty of Loudun (3 May 1616), which also granted him the sum of 1,500,000 livres and the government of Guyenne. [45] This connection between the two show that not only are the gods in favor of the match, the King also has the well wishes of his people. The river god in the picture's right corner is likely an allusion to the Arno River that passes through Florence, Marie's city of birth. They remained close until Margarets passing in 1615. The Queen Marie is depicted in a humble way, yet the illustration implies her power over the military. [51], This painting depicts the birth of Marie de' Medici's first son, Louis XIII. These characteristics are known to be that of Piety or Religion, both of which Maria would want her son to embody. These have been identified as Cupid, Minerva, Prudence, Abundance, Saturn, and two figures of Pheme, all indicated by their traditional attributes, all bestowing their bounties on the Queen. France declined to receive her. Prudence, the figure to the right of Marie, was stripped of her emblematic snake to lessen the chances any viewer would be reminded of Marie's rumored involvement in the King's assassination. In the end, Marie had to needle Henry for nearly a decade to give her a coronation. Much speculation exists on the exact circumstances under which Marie de' Medici decided to commission Rubens to paint "such a grandiose project, conceived in truly heroic proportions". So from birth, Marie would have led a life more ornamental than mortal. [2] John Coolidge suggests the cycle may have even been commissioned to rival another famous series of Rubens, The Constantine Tapestries, which he designed in his studio at the same time as the first several paintings of the Medici Cycle. Her son exiled her when he seized power, Marie having extended her regency beyond his attaining the age of majority. [32] In Greek and Roman mythology, one Fate spun the thread, another measured its length, and the third cut the thread. By presenting him as Jupiter Rubens implies the promiscuity of the man and the deity. However, the artist was also an avid collector of both reproductions and original works, not only from the masters of the Italian Renaissance, but more predominantly from his contemporaries. Today, most know the Medici family for their notorious exploits in Renaissance Italy, yet few remember their infamous descendant Marie de Medici, whose scandals were somehow even more shameful. [79] The Queen is accompanied by a womanly embodiment of what was once thought to be, Fortitude because of the lion beside her. What is also known as a parade boat, Rubens referencing Horace's boat, is adorned with a dragon on front and dolphins on the stern. She does not express any hardships she had gone through by the escape. Practically before Joannas body was cold in the ground, her father Francesco married again, this time to his long-time mistress, Bianca Cappello. Marie, meanwhile, basked in the glow of success and looked forward to an official coronation now that she had done her duty. Catherine reminds Mary that her crown is powerful. He praised her sweet and pleasing carriageand immediately took her to bed, natch. Despite her nightmarish relationship with King Henry IV, Marie still managed to have no fewer than six children with the man, and coached them into some seriously high positions when they came of age. Still, her end came quick and tragic. Why? [38] Hermes dramatically rushes in on the scene and literally brings a gift from the gods, the caduceus. 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