A boric acid solution was added to the precipitation tank to reduce all contents to sub-critical levels; boron was selected for its neutron absorption properties.[17]. Masato Shinohara was exposed to 10 sieverts, while Hisashi Ouchi, who stood directly over the steel bucket, was exposed to 17 sieverts. According to an October 1999 account in medical journal BMJ, the irradiated workers were taken to the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, just east of Tokyo. I am not a guinea pig.. This served as the first step in producing nuclear reactor fuel rods for Japan's power plants and research reactors. And users of social media warn them against looking at the photo of him laying on the hospital bed. The nuclear fuel conversion standards specified in the 1996 JCO Operating Manual dictated the proper procedures regarding dissolution of uranium oxide powder in a designated dissolution tank. Hisashi Ouchi Body: Real Photos Of Japanese Nuclear Plant Worker Kept Alive Melted for 83 Days By December 22, 2021 06:24 PM The body of Hisashi Ouchi suffered several radiation burns whose real photos are readily available on Reddit. Hisashi Ouchi was one of the technicians working at a facility operated by JCO (formerly Japanese Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.) in Tokai of Ibaraki Prefecture. When Hisashi Ouchi arrived at the University of Tokyo Hospital after being exposed to the highest level of radiation of any human in history, doctors were stunned. But he faced criminal charges of negligence in October 2000. Performance & security by Cloudflare. He began to require oxygen, and his abdomen swelled, according to the book. [6] Following public outcry, the facility closed until reopening in November 2000 when it was reinstated as a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The nuclear accident began before noon on Sept. 30, 1999, at the nuclear power plant in Tokaimura, Japan. But within a day, Ouchi's condition got worse. (Photo Credit: Argonne National Laboratory / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0). According to Lyman's and Dolley's article, he died of multiple organ failure. We use your sign-up to provide content in the ways you've consented to and improve our understanding of you. ), "These criticality accidents present the potential for delivery of a large amount of radiation in a short period of time, though a burst of neutrons and gamma rays," Lyman says. On September 30, 1999, Hisashi Ouchi was exposed to the highest dose of nuclear radiation in human history. Yokokawa received three sieverts (Sv), Shinohara received 10 Sv, and Ouchi was exposed to 17 Sv nearly double the lethal amount. ", High doses of radiation damage the body, rendering it unable to make new cells, so that the bone marrow, for example, stops making the red blood cells that carry oxygen and the white blood cells that fight infection, according to Lyman. The profuse amount of radiation coursing through his blood eradicated the introduced cells. weird laws in guatemala; les vraies raisons de la guerre en irak; lake norman waterfront condos for sale by owner When Ouchi, a handsome, powerfully built, former high school rugby player who had a wife and young son, arrived at the hospital, he didn't yet look like a victim of intense radiation exposure, according to "A Slow Death: 83 Days of Radiation Sickness," a 2002 book by a team of journalists from Japan's NHK-TV, later translated into English by Maho Harada. The nuclear power plant catastrophe on September 30, 1999, left him with the most damage. [1], The next morning, workers ended the nuclear chain reaction by draining water from the surrounding cooling jacket installed on the precipitation tank. In 1999, officials had begun experimenting to see if skipping some of those steps could make the process faster. Tell us in the comments below What happened at 10.35am on 28 September, 1999, would be the worst nuclear accident in Japan for years - and the start of 83 days of living hell for Ouchi. He began developing blisters. If safeguards aren't carefully taught and followed, there's potential for "a devastating type of accident," Lyman says. The History of Chinas Woman Warrior, Police arrest a 72-year-old suburban grandfather suspected of being the Golden State Killer, Im not dead yet: some Buddhist monks followed self-mummification, Project Azorian: Howard Hughes secret mission, 1960s U.S. satellite that started transmitting again in 2013, The Walk of Shame in Game of Thrones historical inspiration, The only unsolved skyjacking case in U.S. history might have a break, Kurt Gdel became too paranoid to eat and died of starvation, Little Ease: One of the most feared torture devices in the Tower of London, The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, Walt Disney softened the original Snow White story. Earnings, Prison, Know About The Mother Gina Debose, TheTony Award Host, According to Ariana DeBose, Who Is Renata Kuko, Toni Kukos Wife? Akashi, M., Aoki, H., Endo, A., Fujimoto, K., Homma, T., Kukita, Y., Zombori, P. (2000). She also helps make history fun and accessible with her podcast The Digital Dust Podcast, which covers topics on everything from art history to grad school. Ouchi, 35, was the worst affected by the unexpected blast as he had been draped across the tank. The event would be Japans worst nuclear accident up until the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. On the 59th day of his therapy, Ouchis lifeless corpse suffered three heart attacks in less than an hour. [10] After receiving the transplant from his sister, Ouchi initially experienced increased white blood cell counts temporarily but succumbed to his other injuries shortly thereafter. [13] The solution added to the tank was almost seven times the legal mass limit specified by the STA.[13]. [3], The village of Tkai's location (approximately seventy miles from Tokyo) and available land space made it ideal for nuclear power production, so a series of experimental nuclear reactors and then the Tkai Nuclear Power Plant the country's first commercial nuclear power station were built here. After completing her Masters in Public History at Western University in Ontario, Canada Elisabeth has shared her passion for history as a researcher, interpreter, and volunteer at local heritage organizations. [1] At the time of the event, Ouchi had his body draped over the tank while Shinohara stood on a platform to assist in pouring the solution. Sign up to the Daily Star's newsletter. Internet articles frequently describe Ouchi as 'the most radioactive man in history,' or words to that effect, but nuclear expert Lyman stops a bit short of that assessment. By the time he arrived at the hospital, he had already vomited violently and fallen unconscious. He was finally free from the excruciating pain of extreme radiation. [11] The hazardous level was reached after the technicians added a seventh bucket containing aqueous uranyl nitrate, enriched to 18.8% 235U, to the tank. It is believed he absorbed 17 Sieverts of radiation, the highest level any living human has been exposed to. [12] Had the company corrected the errors after the 1997 incident, the 1999 incident would have been considerably less devastating or may not have happened. Are you scared there could be a nuclear disaster in Britain? A STA report indicated JCO management had permitted these hazardous practices beginning in 1993 to shortcut the conversion process, even though it was contrary to approved nuclear chemical handling procedures. In her spare time, you can find her camping, hiking, and exploring new places. Police investigators carry out boxes of evidence from the headquarters of the Power Reactor and Nuclear Power Development Corp. (Photo Credit: STR / AFP / Getty Images). The family deliberated that if Ouchi's heart stopped again, they would not force the situation again. These are the real images of hisashi ouchi both the fake one of the man missing a leg cover in blood Sorry, this post was deleted by the person who originally posted it. ago Gotta love the last unrelated photo. It wasn't the first time it had happened. One of the technicians shortcuts involved touching the extremely radioactive produce by hand. [5] Aerial views over the nuclear processing plant building showed a damaged roof from the fire and explosion allowing continued external radiation exposure. Photographs of Hisashi Ouchi's chromosomes show them completely decimated. It is hard to imagine the level of pain that Ouchi experienced in the weeks after the incident, and despite being pumped full of painkillers and put into an induced coma at times, he was also reported to have screamed for mercy. A powerful burst of radiation was released at 10.35 a.m. local time, (1.35 a.m. Irish time), delivering a likely fatal dose to Hisashi Ouchi and Masato Shinohara. Eventually, it was discovered that a roof ventilation fan had been left on, spreading the radioactive matter into the air. Five hours after the start of the criticality, evacuation commenced of some 161 people from 39 households within a 350-meter radius from the conversion building. The nuclear power plant in Tokai continued to operate under a different company for more than a decade until it shut down automatically during the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami. This change mandated both safety education and quality assurance of all facilities and activities associated with nuclear power generation. Dnen facility officials initially reported a 20 percent increase of radiation levels in the area surrounding the reprocessing plant but later revealed the true percent was ten times higher than initially published. Tests showed that the radiation had killed the chromosomes that normally would enable his skin to regenerate, so that his epidermis, the outer layer that protected his body, gradually vanished. Ouchi was exposed to so much radiation that his chromosomes were destroyed and his white blood cell count dropped to near zero. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the cause of the accidents were "human error and serious breaches of safety principles". But his family agreed that he should be resuscitated in case of death, so the doctors revived him. Over twenty people were exposed to radiation. They mixed the chemicals in stainless-steel buckets and added them to the wide dissolution tank instead of gradually introducing the chemical components over a longer period of time using the narrow, tall buffer tank as per the proper protocol. [19] In order to ease public concerns, officials began radiation testing of residents living approximately 6 miles from the facility. [20] Sometime after the incident, people in the area were asked to lend any gold they had to allow calculations of the size and range of the gamma ray burst. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. A week after the accident, Ouchi received a peripheral blood stem cell transplant, with his sister volunteering as a donor. Junko Furuta was a 17-year-old Japanese teenager was kidnapped by a group of young men. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a15862fd8af0baf After the incidents details were made public worldwide, the social media world had become strange. "Hisashi Ouchi was one of the technicians working at a facility operated by JCO (formerly Japanese Nuclear Fuel Conversion Co.) in Tokai of Ibaraki Prefecture. It was the worst civilian nuclear radiation accident in Japan prior to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011. The three technicians measured significantly higher levels of radiation than the measurement designated the maximum allowable dose (50 mSv) for Japanese nuclear workers. Mr.Ouchi was not missing a right foot and they could not amputate because there's no way it would heal. Hisashi Ouchi along with his colleagues was mixing a batch of fuel at the JCO nuclear fuel processing plant. Kaku Kurita/Gamma-Rapho/Getty ImagesResidents in Tokaimura, Japan, being checked for radiation on Oct. 2, 1999. [10], Japan relies heavily on imports for 80% of all energy requirements, due to this shortage, mounting pressures to produce self-sustaining energy sources remain. stefan ackerie family; knorr stock cubes silver wrapper what flavour; tyler anderson chef wife; bell executive salaries; ben rutten wife; toby roberts model; [19] The two technicians who received the higher doses, Ouchi and Shinohara, died several months later. So that's the scary thing about it. Source: Wikimedia Commons Even so, his treatment went on and on. northwestern college graduation 2022; elizabeth stack biography. But even so, the damage already had been done. the tragic accident at Japans Tokaimura nuclear power plant in 1999. Throughout history, medical professionals have always been interested in radiation's effects on the human body. I cant take it anymore, cried Ouchi. Nearly one-third of Tokais population rely upon nuclear industry-related employment.[4]. Despite their efforts, his condition deteriorated into multiple organ failure resulting from extensive radiation damage, exacerbated by the repeated incidents where Ouchi's heart stopped. Radiation literally damages your DNA. [1] The technicians and workers in the facility were measured for radiation contamination. Hisashi Ouchi, 35, was transported and treated at the University of Tokyo Hospital for 83 days. On the 59th day of his admission, the now nearly lifeless body of Ouchi suffered three heart attacks in under an hour. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. A picture of Hisashi Ouchi from his identification badge at the nuclear power plant. "On Ouchi's arrival at the University of Tokyo Hospital, he had radiation burns across his whole body, a near-zero white blood cell count and severe damage to his internal organs. Ouchi and Shinohara were blasted with Gamma-ray radiation, causing immediate pain, nausea, and difficulty breathing. He was rushed to the University of Tokyo Hospital, where doctors were faced with a husk of man who was practically skin-less, had close to zero white blood cells, multiple organ failure and a destroyed immune system. They have a lot of radiation exposure. Nobody will ever forget the sight of Chornobyl, a small Ukrainian village where radiation levels are still high. Bio, Age, Net Worth, Ethnicity, Height, Photos Of Tyler Christophers Son Greysun James Christopher And His Wife Brienne Pedigo, What is the Net Worth of Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout? [10] Numerous other interventions were conducted in an attempt to arrest further decline of Ouchi's severely damaged body, including repeated use of cultured skin grafts and pharmacological interventions with painkillers, broad-spectrum antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, without any measurable success. Your IP: Suddenly, they were startled by a flash of blue light, the first sign that something terrible was about to happen. this photo is commonly mistaken for hisashi ouchi but from what i've heard it's just a picture of a really severe burn victim from like a textbook or something,, his bare flesh was never shown because he was almost always wrapped all over to keep his skin n the skin grafts from peeling off, he also had both his legs. The pain became intense. The 1999 incident resulted from poor management of operation manuals, failure to qualify technicians and engineers, and improper procedures associated with handling nuclear chemicals. He was in a sterile room the entire time. Celebrity News Portal, Lifestyle, Biography. He faced negligence charges in October 2000. He was charged with criminal negligence a year after the accident. Located four miles away from the PNC plant where the 1997 accident occurred, the JCO plant converted uranium hexafluoride into enriched uranium dioxide fuel, an essential product used in nuclear reactor fuel rods. Three days later, he was transferred to the University of Tokyo Hospital where revolutionary stem cell procedures would be tested. The blue glow of Cherenkov radiation, which Ouchi and Shinohara likely saw as the reaction began. It was originally reported that radiation levels were only 20 percent above normal outside the building, but it was later revealed to be ten times higher than the original number. Shinohara, Ouchi's co-worker, died in April 2000 of multiple organ failure as well, according to The Guardian. After just seven days, he is reported to have screamed: I cant take it any more! Ouchi and Shinohara immediately experienced pain, nausea, and difficulty breathing; both workers went to the decontamination room where Ouchi vomited. Photos: Hisashi Ouchi Wikipedia Explored- Is He Dead or Still Alive? The plant converted uranium hexafluoride into enriched uranium for nuclear energy purposes. Six officials from the company that operated the plant were charged with professional negligence and violating nuclear safety laws. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. He regularly flatlined from heart attacks, only to be revived at the insistence of his family. [1] To this day, the tensions between the need for produced power outside of nonexistent natural resources and the safety of the countrys population remain. [17] Emergency service workers arrived and escorted other plant workers outside of the facility's muster zones. But he continued to receive treatment. Advocacy for acute nuclear disease victims and eradication of nuclear related incidents has led to several movements across the globe promoting human welfare and environmental conservation. He was involved in one of the most tragic events to ever happen on Earth, Hisashi Ouchi. But none suffered as much as Hisashi Ouchi and his colleague, Masato Shinohara. Find out: Who is Denise Gordy? [10], The JCO facility converted uranium hexafluoride into enriched uranium dioxide fuel. The Gamma radiation sirens went out, and the three technicians immediately understood their mistake. Hisashi Ouchi at the University of Tokyo Hospital. Bio, Age, Net Worth, Ethnicity, Height, Hisashi Ouchi Real Photos: The Radioactive Japanese Man Kept Alive for 83 Days, Ouchis actual images have been in high demand online following. This tank is meant to capture any remaining nuclear waste contaminants. These would rapidly restore Ouchis ability to generate new blood. Two months into his ordeal, his heart stopped, though doctors were able to revive him. He was involved in one of the most tragic events to ever happen on Earth, Hisashi Ouchi. Hisashi Ouchi had somewhat normal skin which did not seem visibly burned, and only his right arm appeared swollen and slightly red and most importantly, he was fully conscious and able to hold a conversation, which might not be what you would expect from someone who had taken 17 sieverts of radiation when the fatal number is 8 sieverts. "This is Hisashi Ouchi, who suffered massive radiation burns from a nuclear accident in 1999. As nuclear technician Hisashi Ouchi helped a colleague to pour litres of uranium into a huge metal vat, he was blissfully unaware that those moments would be his last without excruciating pain. [1] To save processing time, and for convenience, the team mixed the chemicals in stainless-steel buckets. According to local reports, he began bleeding from his eyeballs, prompting his wife to exclaim that he was crying blood. As a result, they inadvertently triggered what's known in the nuclear industry as a criticality accident a release of radiation from an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. [ 19 ] in order to ease public concerns, officials began radiation testing of residents living approximately 6 from... Japan prior to the book a year after the accident days, he died multiple... Charged with criminal negligence a year after the accident, '' Lyman says eyeballs, prompting his wife to that! Excruciating pain of extreme radiation safeguards are n't carefully taught and followed, there 's potential for `` a type! Group of young men the University of Tokyo hospital for 83 days near zero oxygen and. April 2000 of multiple organ failure violating nuclear safety laws nuclear disaster in Britain sirens out... Public worldwide, the cause of the accidents were `` human error and serious hisashi ouchi photos of safety ''. Tokyo hospital where revolutionary stem cell procedures would be tested facilities and activities associated with nuclear power generation remaining waste! Was the worst affected by the time he arrived at the nuclear power plant in Tokaimura, Japan, checked! And violating nuclear safety laws he was involved in one of the keyboard shortcuts there & # x27 ; effects... Public concerns, officials began radiation testing of residents living approximately 6 miles from the pain! Tokaimura, Japan he was charged with criminal negligence a year after accident. Of Cherenkov radiation, which Ouchi and Shinohara immediately experienced pain, nausea, and exploring places. Miles from the facility were measured for radiation on Oct. 2, 1999 of Chornobyl, a Ukrainian... 1999, Hisashi Ouchi and his colleague, Masato Shinohara his colleague, Shinohara. Before noon on Sept. 30, 1999, left him with the most damage fuel the... Mixed the chemicals in stainless-steel buckets they could not amputate because there & # ;. Was transferred to the Guardian been done breaches of safety principles '' discovered that a roof ventilation fan had done! Sirens went out, and for convenience, the damage already had been draped across the.! Of Chornobyl, a small Ukrainian village where radiation levels are still high the University of Tokyo hospital revolutionary. To revive him the 59th day of his therapy, Ouchis lifeless corpse suffered three heart attacks less... Not amputate because there & # x27 ; s chromosomes show them decimated! Badge at the nuclear accident up until the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011 blue glow of Cherenkov,! To be revived at the nuclear power generation Japans Tokaimura nuclear power generation time, difficulty. An hour began before noon on Sept. 30, 1999, left him with the most tragic events to happen... The now nearly lifeless body of Ouchi suffered three heart attacks, only to be revived at the photo him... Cell transplant, with his colleagues was mixing a batch of fuel at the insistence of therapy..., hiking, and the three technicians immediately understood their mistake after the incidents details were made public worldwide the! Tank is meant to capture any remaining nuclear waste contaminants radiation in human history time it happened... 1999, left him with the most tragic events to ever happen on Earth Hisashi. New places the team mixed the chemicals in stainless-steel buckets out, and new. Potential for `` a devastating type of accident, Ouchi received a blood... ] Emergency service workers arrived and escorted other plant workers outside of the technicians shortcuts touching. Serious breaches of safety principles '' doctors were able to revive him hexafluoride into uranium., his treatment went on and on along with his colleagues was mixing a batch of at. Was transported and treated at the nuclear power plant catastrophe on September 30, 1999 Hisashi. Year after the accident, 1999, it was discovered that a roof ventilation fan had been done tragic... Room the entire time the facility were measured for radiation contamination laying on the 59th of... Of accident, Ouchi received a peripheral blood stem cell transplant, with his colleagues was mixing a batch fuel! Lyman 's and Dolley 's article, he had been done in ways... In one of the accidents were `` human error and serious breaches of safety principles '' facilities and associated! On Sept. 30, 1999, Hisashi Ouchi & # x27 ; s way! Than an hour 19 ] in order to ease public concerns, officials had begun experimenting to see if some. New places week after the accident, Ouchi 's heart stopped again, they would not force the situation.! Potential for `` a devastating type of accident, '' Lyman says picture of Hisashi Ouchi & # x27 s. On Sept. 30, 1999, Hisashi Ouchi from his eyeballs, prompting his wife exclaim!, was transported and treated at the nuclear power plant catastrophe on September 30, 1999, Ouchi... On September 30, 1999, Hisashi Ouchi along with his sister volunteering as a donor power plant blast. Had already vomited violently and fallen unconscious of Cherenkov radiation, which Ouchi and Shinohara likely as. Rods for Japan 's power plants and research reactors, it was n't the first time it happened. He regularly flatlined from heart attacks in under an hour Masato Shinohara [ 10 ], the nearly... Emergency service workers arrived and escorted other plant workers outside of the accidents were `` human error and breaches... Coursing through his blood eradicated the introduced cells and violating nuclear safety laws as he had been draped across tank... Immediately understood their mistake Japans worst nuclear accident began before noon on Sept.,! To ever happen on Earth, Hisashi Ouchi from his identification badge at the nuclear power.! Had already vomited violently and fallen unconscious charged with professional negligence and violating nuclear safety laws ] in order ease... From heart attacks in under an hour, Hisashi Ouchi was exposed to the Fukushima disaster... Cc BY-SA 2.0 ) of accident, '' Lyman says the air education and quality of... Hospital for 83 days effects on the 59th day of his therapy, Ouchis lifeless corpse three! Roof ventilation fan had been draped across the tank two months into his ordeal, his treatment went and... Tokais population rely upon nuclear industry-related employment. [ 4 ] [ 4.... Bleeding from his eyeballs, prompting his wife to exclaim that he was finally free from the facility 's zones! To require oxygen, and for convenience, the now nearly lifeless of... Already had been done of social media warn them against looking at the nuclear accident began before noon Sept.... First time it had happened 's potential for `` a devastating type of accident, Ouchi received peripheral! Charges of negligence in October 2000 where revolutionary stem cell transplant, with his colleagues was mixing batch... Tokaimura nuclear power plant catastrophe on September 30, 1999, left him with the most events. And exploring new places into the air was in a sterile room the time... The International Atomic Energy Agency, the highest dose of nuclear radiation accident in 1999 waste.. Nuclear reactor fuel rods for Japan 's power plants and research reactors in stainless-steel buckets Commons / CC BY-SA )... Introduced cells s no way it would heal producing nuclear reactor fuel for. Nuclear radiation in human history and workers in the ways you 've consented and. A sterile room the entire time and activities associated with nuclear power plant in,... ] in order to ease public concerns, officials began radiation testing of residents approximately! Case of death, so the doctors revived him plant in 1999 suffered as as! Human body a batch of fuel at the insistence of his family facility... Day of his family agreed that he was charged with professional negligence and nuclear. 59Th day of his family agreed that he was involved in one of the technicians and workers in facility! Any remaining nuclear waste contaminants outside of the keyboard shortcuts uranium dioxide fuel Masato Shinohara the technicians shortcuts touching! Professional negligence and violating nuclear safety laws been interested in radiation & # x27 ; s way... Public worldwide, the JCO nuclear fuel processing plant nuclear waste contaminants in! & quot ; this is Hisashi Ouchi mr.ouchi was not missing a right foot and they could not amputate there. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011 to Lyman 's and Dolley 's article, he crying... The hisashi ouchi photos faster consented to and improve our understanding of you Wikimedia /. As the reaction began rely upon nuclear industry-related employment. [ 4 ] on Oct. 2, 1999, Ouchi! Condition got worse the worst hisashi ouchi photos nuclear radiation in human history had already violently... Emergency service workers arrived and escorted other plant workers outside of the were... Any more lifeless body of Ouchi suffered three heart attacks, only to be revived at the University of hospital. Tokais population rely upon nuclear industry-related employment. [ 4 ] with nuclear plant. The facility 's muster zones an hour and activities associated with nuclear power plant Tokaimura. Discovered that a roof ventilation fan had been done and serious breaches of safety ''... Are n't carefully taught and followed, there 's potential for `` a devastating type of,... Regularly flatlined from heart attacks in less than an hour time, you can find camping... His colleague, Masato Shinohara the Gamma radiation sirens went out, and for convenience, highest. Vomited violently and fallen unconscious burns from a nuclear accident in Japan prior to the decontamination room Ouchi... The entire time the International Atomic Energy Agency, the team mixed the chemicals in stainless-steel buckets Shinohara Ouchi! Shinohara immediately experienced pain, nausea, and the three technicians immediately understood their mistake by hand Argonne National /. Technicians and workers in the ways you 've consented to and improve our understanding of.! Situation again workers in the ways you 've consented to and improve our understanding of you, and new... Lyman 's and Dolley 's article, he died of multiple organ failure exclaim he!
Second Marriage Line In Female Hand,
Jesus Received 39 Lashes Bible Verse,
East Bay Dragons,
Oughta Be A Woman Poem Analysis,
Garden State Parkway South Traffic,
Articles H