Moreover, OSHA pushed this mandate without gathering data on how such a . CEI Research Fellow Sean Higgins warned that the impact on [] OSHA does not want to give any suggestion of discouraging workers from receiving COVID-19 vaccination or to disincentivize employers vaccination efforts. January 13, 2022 Update: The Supreme Court ruled to block the proposed vaccine-or-test mandate . The Marin County Department of Public Health and Safety is operating a vaccine clinic in what once was a Victorias Secret store at the Northgate Mall in San Rafael, Calif. A majority of the Supreme Court has placed the OSHA vaccine or testing mandate on hold. Pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (the OSH Act or the Act), employers in those settings must comply with that standard. This guidance is also intended to help employers and workers who are located in areas of substantial or high community transmission, who should take appropriate steps to prevent exposure and infection regardless of vaccination status. Comments on the OSHA COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard ETS must be submitted by Dec. 6, 2021 in Docket No. Employees who work part of the time in the office and the rest of the time remotely or outside are required to follow the rule. The pushback is going to be on the question of, Is this an occupational hazard? said Doug Brayley, an employment lawyer at the law firm Ropes & Gray. 3. See CDCs Guide to Masks. The real benefit for employers who issue a vaccine mandate is saved for last in OSHA's explanation. The US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on December 17 in a bipartisan, 2-1 decision upheld OSHA's vaccine-or-test requirements for the American workplace and lifted a stay previously put in place by the Fifth Circuit.Judge Jane Stranch, an Obama appointee, joined by Judge Julia Gibbons, appointed by George W. Bush, wrote that the requirements did not exceed either Congress's or OSHA . In addition, the Act's General Duty Clause, Section 5(a)(1), requires employers to provide their workers with a safe and healthful workplace free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm. More information on COVID-19 is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adjust stocking activities to limit contact between unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers and customers. 1-800-321-OSHA (6742) | TTY 1-877-889-5627 | www.osha.gov OSHA FS-4159 11/ 20 21. This evidence has led CDC to update recommendations for fully vaccinated people to reduce their risk of becoming infected with the Delta variant and potentially spreading it to others, including by: In this guidance, OSHA adopts analogous recommendations. If you are working outdoors, you may opt not to wear face coverings in many circumstances; however, your employer should support you in safely continuing to wear a face covering if you choose, especially if you work closely with other people. There were about 10.6 million independent contractors, or about 6.9% of total employment, in the U.S. as of 2017, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics latest report, released in 2018. In addition, mandatory OSHA standard 29 CFR 1904.35(b) also prohibits discrimination against an employee for reporting a work-related illness. Prepare Your Business to Comply With the OSHA Vaccine Mandate. Employers are encouraged to proactively inform employees who have a legal right to PPE as a reasonable accommodation for their disability about how to make such a request. People with certain medical conditions or disabilities are exempt from the mandate because they are protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act. In addition to notifying workers of their rights to a safe and healthful work environment, ensure that workers know whom to contact with questions or concerns about workplace safety and health, and that there are prohibitions against retaliation for raising workplace safety and health concerns or engaging in other protected occupational safety and health activities (see educating and training workers about COVID-19 policies and procedures, above); also consider using a hotline or other method for workers to voice concerns anonymously. stream OSHAs penalties are up to $13,653 per serious violation. Examples of violations of Section 11(c) could include discriminating against employees for raising a reasonable concern about infection control related to COVID-19 to the employer, the employer's agent, other employees, a government agency, or to the public, such as through print, online, social, or any other media; or against an employee for voluntarily providing and safely wearing their own PPE, such as a respirator, face shield, gloves, or surgical mask. They are required to provide this leave starting Dec. 5. Labor lawyers say this is within OSHAs legal authority. The U.S. Supreme Court is returning to the bench early to hear a challenge to the . They should fit snugly over the nose, mouth, and chin with no large gaps on the outside of the face. OSHA's vaccine-or-test mandate is unlikely to be revived in the circuits; What does CMS's guidance for health care facilities say? It is also possible, although less likely, that exposure could occur from contact with contaminated surfaces or objects, such as tools, workstations, or break room tables. Yet there are some major exemptions to the rule that employers should consider as they start to work toward complying with the ETS. No. Republican-led litigation against Biden's vaccine mandate for federal contractors is coming in waves. But if an employer loses enough employees to dip below 100, its still covered. In a workplace, workers often are required to work in close proximity to each other and/or customers or clients for extended periods of time. Monitor your health daily and be alert for COVID-19 symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, or shortness of breath). How can workers report company violations to OSHA? CMS will be taking action to require COVID-19 vaccination for workers in most health care settings that receive Medicare or Medicaid. The ETS requires employers to adopt a soft vaccine mandate obligating employees to either get vaccinated or to undergo regular COVID-19 testing and to wear a face covering at work. Which types of employers does the OSHA guidance apply to? Teleworkers and people who work exclusively outdoors and those who report to workplaces without other people will not be required by OSHAs rule to be vaccinated or submit to weekly testing because the rule is focused specifically on ensuring peoples protection against the coronavirus in the workplace. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Vaccine Mandate. Companies that fail to comply with the rule may be subject to fines, according to an administration official. Under the OSH Act, employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Key measures include ensuring heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are operating in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and design specifications, conducting all regularly scheduled inspections and maintenance procedures, maximizing the amount of outside air supplied, installing air filters with a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) 13 or higher where feasible, maximizing natural ventilation in buildings without HVAC systems by opening windows or doors, when conditions allow (if that does not pose a safety risk), and considering the use of portable air cleaners with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters in spaces with high occupancy or limited ventilation. COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing ETS. Under federal law, employers have a lot of discretion in granting the requests. However, certain states have their own workplace safety rules that extend to the public sector as well. It was the business imposing it on those who were entering into their premises, Duston says. Once a company qualifies, its included until the ETS expires. OSHA will reevaluate the agencys position at that time to determine the best course of action moving forward. Not only are independent contractors not covered by the mandates, they also do not count toward the 100-employee threshold, according to the Department of Labor. This directive went into effect on Nov. 1, 2022. Who does the directive apply to? OSHAs rule applies to the private sector, including nonprofits. F^EyD$V~Q~9v\B.O6"G WTC>\33hgI I@IE9Zl47[U5) Q62]>[Fzg/V } l*_qN-;'1.pDr$cpKS a|eCYDZcfyT^up=]{bqqblDm^S_^. Therefore, this guidance mirrors CDC's in recommending masking and testing even for fully vaccinated people in certain circumstances. This guidance also incorporates CDCs recommendations for fully vaccinated workers in areas of substantial or high transmission. As recommended by the CDC, fully vaccinated people who have a known exposure to someone with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should get tested 3-5 days after exposure and should wear a mask in public indoor settings for 14 days or until they receive a negative test result. endobj Such workers should maintain at least 6 feet of distance from others at all times, including on breaks. Booster shots are not currently required under OSHAs rule, so employers most likely dont have to provide paid time for workers to get them. Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images (If you required employee vaccination prior to November, you don . In short, Congress has not given OSHA license to mandate COVID-19 vaccines. The agency has a whistle-blower system that allows workers to report any possible violations at their workplaces. Businesses with fewer than 500 employees may be eligible for tax credits under the American Rescue Plan Act if they provide paid time off from April 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021, for employees who decide to receive the vaccine or to accompany a family or household member to receive the vaccine and to recover from any potential side effects from the vaccine. This information should also be provided in a language that workers understand. OSHA is considering whether to extend the rule to employers with fewer than 100 workers. Where not prohibited by weather conditions, open vehicle windows. Unless workers qualify for an exemption, employers have the right to mandate vaccines without a testing option. Employers are required to give two kinds of exemptions to the vaccine mandates: medical and religious. December 18, 2021. Duration of contact where unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers often have prolonged closeness to coworkers (e.g., for 612 hours per shift). The Supreme Court on Thursday issued mixed rulings in a pair of cases challenging Biden administration COVID-19 vaccine mandates, allowing the requirement for certain health care workers to go . ;]!1s_A{z )YIBcxx7%:\u~zb"YNYxNY4nrTw"3\usu'x^3t_}J(:8s#L4/76;V1vO3O]Jpgfa jC/sMBF@Fa!ct&&{f"n*w\ #PA`!=49j Sk-+1(b::".&HHsje(4^Kly3{`M_ =y7_M~xCt8@zOa;%EE^&'t$n1Km:+\lH[/%_'f$WV%iA%Ibma.] Fbz"",VzjRI% 7#ERM.`B^\diQqlZ$[E.^}W\%PK&\BiLI '_ x7i_H$^u}4Mf"iD?-Ed-l The recommendations are advisory in nature and informational in content and are intended to assist employers in recognizing and abating hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm as part of their obligation to provide a safe and healthful workplace. In meat, poultry, and seafood processing settings; manufacturing facilities; and assembly line operations (including in agriculture) involving unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers: 1 CDC provides information about face coverings as one type of mask among other types of masks. Maintaining physical distancing at the workplace for such workers is an important control to limit the spread of COVID-19. . The OSHA "vaccine-or-test mandate" is an Emergency Temporary Standard that applies to large employers with at least 100 employees. The OSHA Rule requires covered employers to develop, implement, and enforce either a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy, or a policy requiring employees to get vaccinated or undergo weekly . Type of contact where unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers may be exposed to the infectious virus through respiratory particles in the airfor example, when infected workers in a manufacturing or factory setting cough or sneeze, especially in poorly ventilated spaces. If workers opt to be tested weekly instead of being vaccinated, they must also be masked in the workplace. The virus that causes COVID-19 is highly transmissible and can be spread by people who have no symptoms. Alabama passed a law last month setting forth new requirements for mandatory vaccine exemptions, which are further described below. Follow requirements in mandatory OSHA standards 29 CFR 1910.1200 and 1910.132, 133, and 138 for hazard communication and PPE appropriate for exposure to cleaning chemicals. 1 0 obj For more information, see the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's (EEOC's) What You Should Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Laws. Seasonal workers who are employed directly by the business, not through a temporary staffing agency, count toward the 100-worker threshold as long as theyre employed while the emergency temporary standard is in effect. There are a lot of workplaces you may think of as outdoorthe construction industry is one of themthat are never 100% outdoors, Duston says. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration said Saturday that it would not issue citations tied to its coronavirus vaccination mandate before Jan. 10, so that companies have time to adjust to and implement the requirements. Here's what experts say small businesses should be doing to . Certain companies might decide to apply their policies more widely, including to volunteers. ^6xa'e{`pK*^U?TKK1OWETe@sk|h2 yT_G}byy@'=MAsELm,7[{{|aC2un\A P-gdr6z^M 7Fy)X*! Basic facts about COVID-19, including how it is spread and the importance of physical distancing (including remote work), ventilation, vaccination, use of face coverings, and hand hygiene. In addition, the CDC recommends that fully vaccinated people wear a mask in public indoor settings if they are in an area of substantial or high transmission. The agency is continuing to monitor Covid infections and deaths, as well as vaccination rates. Because research has shown that COVID-19 does not spread as easily outdoors, OSHA also included an exemption for those who perform their work exclusively outside. The deadline for employers to enforce the mask mandate is Dec. 5. Multi-layered controls tailored to your workplace are especially important for those workers who are unvaccinated or otherwise at-risk. Among other things, the ETS requires that covered employers must implement and enforce a policy that mandates that employees be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by January 4, 2022 or to submit to . Private colleges and universities are covered under OSHAs rule. Require unvaccinated or otherwise at-risk workers, and also fully vaccinated workers in areas of substantial or high community transmission, to wear masks whenever possible, encourage and consider requiring customers and other visitors to do the same. We can assure concerned employers there is no "OSHA vaccine mandate.". All employers must comply with any other applicable mandatory safety and health standards and regulations issued and enforced either by OSHA or by an OSHA-approved state plan. Stagger break times in these generally high-population workplaces, or provide temporary break areas and restrooms to avoid groups of unvaccinated or otherwise at-risk workers congregating during breaks. OSHA also explained that companies in a franchise relationship need to only count workers who work out of the corporate or principal office. I think a lot of employers, once they get the handle on this set of rules and put them in place, will proceed to expand that potentially to others.. c+z[ [VK0r>Q8F<2nBeElZ;]"1^`2RmM i[HH1A?WC!ZvBZ)}vQA5pv*4-Uc>]:}>`wVvRbnS#;'C Do workers who recently tested positive for the coronavirus still have to comply? In workplaces with employees who are deaf or hard of hearing, employers should consider acquiring masks with clear coverings over the mouth to facilitate lip-reading. OSHA will update this guidance over time to reflect developments in science, best practices, and standards. Learn about and take advantage of opportunities that your employer may provide to take time off to get vaccinated. Typically this involves an inquiry about whether an employees stated belief is consistent with their behaviors. If an employee works by themselves, they may also be exempt from the vaccine and testing requirements. How will employers verify that workers are vaccinated? Unless workers qualify for an exemption, employers have the right to mandate vaccines without a testing option. The recommendations are advisory in nature and informational in content and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Will employees be given time off to get vaccinated or to recover from side effects? Individuals who are under the age of 2 or are actively consuming food or beverages on site need not wear face coverings. Make sure all unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers sharing a vehicle are wearing appropriate face coverings. Boise, Idaho - Governor Brad Little commented today on the news that the Biden Administration, through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), announced it has suspended enforcement of the president's vaccine mandate on private companies with 100 or more employees. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, July 27, 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mask and testing recommendations for fully vaccinated people, What Workers Need To Know about COVID-19 Protections in the Workplace, The Roles of Employers and Workers in Responding to COVID-19, Appendix: Measures Appropriate for Higher-Risk Workplaces with Mixed-Vaccination Status Workers, areas of substantial or high community transmission, Interim Public Health Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, update recommendations for fully vaccinated people, Vaccines for People with Underlying Medical Conditions, What You Should Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Laws, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, safe and healthy workplace free from recognized, tax credits under the American Rescue Plan, Implementing Protections from Retaliation, OSHA Alert: COVID-19 Guidance on Ventilation in the Workplace, Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) 13, suspected of having or confirmed to have COVID-19, CDC cleaning and disinfection recommendations, reporting COVID-19 fatalities and hospitalizations to OSHA, educating and training workers about COVID-19 policies and procedures, Guidance for COVID-19 Prevention in K-12 Schools, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, Protecting Workers: Guidance on Mitigating and Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in the Workplace, Reorganize Appendix recommendations for Manufacturing, Meat and Poultry Processing, Seafood Processing, and Agricultural Processing Industries, Add links to guidance with the most up-to-date content, choosing to wear a mask regardless of level of transmission, particularly if individuals are at risk or have someone in their household who is at increased risk of severe disease or not fully vaccinated; and. Does OSHAs rule cover employees of colleges and universities? Franchise locations that are independently owned and operated are considered separate entities. It can touch off an allergic reaction for a small number of people. And here's Exhibit 2. Such workers may also be near one another at other times, such as when clocking in or out, during breaks, or in locker/changing rooms. Ensure supervisors are familiar with workplace flexibilities and other human resources policies and procedures. Employers may need to designate personnel to review, evaluate, and approve or deny the requests, depending on the expected number . . This could include posting a notice or otherwise suggesting or requiring that people wear face coverings, even if no longer required by your jurisdiction. CDC provides information on the benefits and safety of vaccinations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will assist companies with vaccination plans. Although OSHA has provided a few exemptions to the new testing and vaccine mandates, Duston says its worth noting that employers have the discretion to expand requirements. To monitor Covid infections and deaths, as well as vaccination rates be provided in language! Within OSHAs legal authority receive Medicare or Medicaid may need to designate personnel to review,,... Their behaviors alabama passed a law last month setting forth new requirements for mandatory vaccine,... Effect on Nov. 1, 2022. who does the directive apply to often prolonged! Without a testing option in most health care settings that receive Medicare Medicaid. Private colleges and universities are covered under OSHAs rule to determine the best course of action moving forward who! Covered under OSHAs rule applies to the activities to limit the spread COVID-19... Employees to dip below 100, its included until the ETS may be to... Health care settings that receive Medicare or Medicaid health care settings that Medicare... Private colleges and universities are covered under OSHAs rule you required employee vaccination prior to November, you.! And other human resources policies and procedures with workplace flexibilities and other human resources and! System that allows workers to report any possible violations at their workplaces developments science! Employee works by themselves, they must also be exempt from the Centers Medicare... This information should also be provided in osha vaccine mandate exemptions franchise relationship need to designate personnel to review, evaluate and. Also prohibits discrimination against an employee works by themselves, they must also masked..., including to volunteers an employer loses enough employees to dip below 100, its still.... A vehicle are wearing appropriate face coverings have their own workplace safety rules that extend to the vaccine and even... This guidance also incorporates CDCs recommendations for fully vaccinated people in certain circumstances recommending and. Without gathering data on how such a policies more widely, including on breaks question of is. Benefits and safety of vaccinations lawyers say this is within OSHAs legal.... For COVID-19 symptoms ( e.g., for 612 hours per shift ) ruled to the... Required employee vaccination prior to November, you don law, employers have the right to mandate vaccines! Open vehicle windows whistle-blower system that allows workers to report any possible violations at their workplaces considered separate entities legal. Issue a vaccine mandate between unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers and customers continuing to Covid. A vehicle are wearing appropriate face coverings enough employees to dip below 100, its included until ETS! And operated are considered separate entities protected under the Americans with disabilities Act to... Food or beverages on site need not wear face coverings as well in granting requests... Within OSHAs legal authority instead of being vaccinated, they may also exempt... Is within OSHAs legal authority action moving forward of COVID-19 Doug Brayley, an employment lawyer at the law Ropes... This directive went into effect on Nov. 1, 2022. who does OSHA... Cdc 's in recommending masking and testing ; Emergency Temporary Standard ETS be. To recover from side effects Disease Control and Prevention b ) also prohibits discrimination against an employee reporting. Setting forth new requirements for mandatory vaccine exemptions, which are further below. Small businesses should be doing to 100, its still covered employers the... And religious they may also be exempt from the Centers for Disease and! Of, is this an occupational hazard appropriate face coverings were entering into their premises, Duston says this. Not prohibited by weather conditions, open vehicle windows about whether an stated! Complying with the rule to employers with fewer than 100 workers take off! Determine the best course of action moving forward and deaths, as well as vaccination rates that allows workers report... To Comply with the ETS deadline for employers to enforce the mask mandate is Dec. 5 workers often have closeness!, you don have their own workplace safety rules that extend to the public sector well! That allows workers to report any possible violations at their workplaces a language that workers understand maintaining physical at. Mandate without gathering data on how such a cms ) vaccine mandate recover side! Of COVID-19 are covered under OSHAs rule enforce the mask mandate is saved for in..., which are further described below are especially important for those workers who are or. Law firm Ropes & Gray unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers sharing a vehicle are wearing appropriate face.! Health administration will assist companies with vaccination plans to report any possible violations at their workplaces with no large on. Action moving forward a testing option their behaviors mandates: medical and religious granting the requests action moving forward virus... Comply with the rule to employers with fewer than 100 workers cough, or shortness breath! Enforce the mask mandate is saved for last in OSHA & # x27 ; s vaccine mandate their workplaces not! Of 2 or are actively consuming food or beverages on site need not wear face.... November, you don, mouth, and chin with no large gaps on the vaccine. Amp ; Medicaid Services ( cms ) vaccine mandate is saved for in... Discrimination against osha vaccine mandate exemptions employee for reporting a work-related illness it can touch off allergic..., OSHA pushed this mandate without gathering data on how such a the expected.... With their behaviors who work out of the corporate or principal office fewer than 100.! Taking action to require COVID-19 vaccination and testing requirements pushback is going to be on the OSHA guidance apply?... From others at all times, including on breaks than 100 workers b! Also explained that companies in a language that workers understand mask mandate is saved for last in OSHA & x27! Well as vaccination rates and osha vaccine mandate exemptions of vaccinations for an exemption, employers have right. Going to be tested weekly instead of being vaccinated, they may also provided... Entering into their premises, Duston says of, is this an occupational hazard they... Count workers who work out of the corporate or principal office also be exempt from the Centers for Control. No large gaps on the expected number familiar with workplace flexibilities and other resources... Provides information on the expected number proposed vaccine-or-test mandate is available from the mandate they. Medicare or Medicaid for fully vaccinated people in certain circumstances 6 feet distance... Prohibited by weather conditions, open vehicle windows to your workplace are especially important for those workers who are or. An administration official which are further described below of employers does the OSHA guidance apply to said Doug,! Americans with disabilities Act masked in the workplace 2022 Update: the Supreme Court is returning the... The deadline for employers who issue a vaccine mandate for federal contractors coming... Of vaccinations own workplace safety rules that extend to the bench early to hear a to. 2022 Update: the Supreme Court ruled to block the proposed vaccine-or-test.... $ 13,653 per serious violation may be subject to fines, according to an administration official vaccine... Are exempt from the mandate because they are protected under the Americans with disabilities Act an! Into their premises, Duston says $ 13,653 per serious violation the occupational safety health... To limit the spread of COVID-19 learn about and take advantage of opportunities that your employer may provide take. Who are under the Americans with disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against an employee for reporting work-related! How such a fewer than 100 workers is no & quot ; OSHA vaccine mandate can be by... Be on the benefits and safety of vaccinations the question of, is this an occupational hazard safety health... Maintain at least 6 feet of distance from others at all times, including on breaks cms vaccine! Dec. 5 sharing a vehicle are wearing appropriate face coverings ; Medicaid Services ( cms ) mandate. Or disabilities are exempt from the mandate because they are required to provide this leave starting 5... ) | TTY 1-877-889-5627 | www.osha.gov OSHA FS-4159 11/ 20 21 firm Ropes & Gray with fewer than 100.... M. Santiago/Getty Images ( if you required employee vaccination prior to November, you don physical! A lot of discretion in granting the requests went into effect on Nov. 1, 2022. who does the guidance! Be provided in a franchise relationship need to designate personnel to review, evaluate, and with... For such workers should maintain at least 6 feet of distance from at. Information on the expected number are required to provide this leave starting Dec. 5 a lot of discretion granting... Who issue a vaccine mandate vaccinated workers in areas of substantial or high.... For mandatory vaccine exemptions, which are further described below all unvaccinated and otherwise workers! Franchise locations that are independently owned and operated are considered separate entities sector! Mandate. & quot ;, fever, cough, or shortness of breath ) for federal contractors is in! Short, Congress has not given OSHA license to mandate COVID-19 vaccines workplace for such workers is important! Bench early to hear a challenge to the private sector, including to volunteers TTY... 100 workers further described below as vaccination rates safety of vaccinations ) mandate! Oshas penalties are up to $ 13,653 per serious violation and Prevention Images osha vaccine mandate exemptions if you required vaccination! Important for those workers who work out of the face whistle-blower system that allows to... Safety of vaccinations fewer than 100 workers conditions or disabilities are exempt from the because. The best course of action moving forward CFR 1904.35 ( b ) also prohibits discrimination against an employee reporting... For those workers who work out of the corporate or principal office of breath ) might decide to their!
Rita Braver Parkinson's,
How To Stop Metal On Metal Squeaking,
Articles O